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Questions and Answers
What type of memory is used for implementing CPU registers and cache memories?
What type of memory is used for implementing CPU registers and cache memories?
- Dynamic RAM
- EAPROM
- Static RAM (correct)
- EPROM
In what type of memory must the contents be refreshed within less than a millisecond to prevent loss?
In what type of memory must the contents be refreshed within less than a millisecond to prevent loss?
- SRAM
- EAPROM
- Dynamic RAM (correct)
- PROM
What memory is commonly referred to as Random Access Memory (RAM)?
What memory is commonly referred to as Random Access Memory (RAM)?
- SRAM
- EPROM
- DRAM (correct)
- PROM
Which type of ROM can be reprogrammed using special equipment?
Which type of ROM can be reprogrammed using special equipment?
Which type of memory is kept in ROM and controls the standard I/O functions?
Which type of memory is kept in ROM and controls the standard I/O functions?
What are I/O devices also known as in computer systems?
What are I/O devices also known as in computer systems?
Which register in the 8086 microprocessor stores status information about the result of the previous operation?
Which register in the 8086 microprocessor stores status information about the result of the previous operation?
What is a primary function of the segment registers in the 8086 microprocessor?
What is a primary function of the segment registers in the 8086 microprocessor?
What technological advantage does the 8086 microprocessor offer to programmers due to its internal structure?
What technological advantage does the 8086 microprocessor offer to programmers due to its internal structure?
What differentiates a microprocessor from a microcontroller in terms of functionality?
What differentiates a microprocessor from a microcontroller in terms of functionality?
How many internal registers, each 16 bits wide, are available to a programmer using the 8086 microprocessor?
How many internal registers, each 16 bits wide, are available to a programmer using the 8086 microprocessor?
What clock frequency is associated with the operation of the 8086 microprocessor?
What clock frequency is associated with the operation of the 8086 microprocessor?
What determines the number of blocks of the pre-fetch queue an instruction occupies?
What determines the number of blocks of the pre-fetch queue an instruction occupies?
What happens to data residing in General Purpose Registers when operations like ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV are executed?
What happens to data residing in General Purpose Registers when operations like ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV are executed?
Which component of the microprocessor causes the dynamic change in arithmetic flag register values?
Which component of the microprocessor causes the dynamic change in arithmetic flag register values?
What does the FIFO property of the pre-fetch queue ensure during the execution of instructions?
What does the FIFO property of the pre-fetch queue ensure during the execution of instructions?
Which unit within the microprocessor is responsible for generating opcodes during instruction decoding?
Which unit within the microprocessor is responsible for generating opcodes during instruction decoding?
What happens when mixing an 8-bit register with a 16-bit register in the microprocessor?
What happens when mixing an 8-bit register with a 16-bit register in the microprocessor?
During which step of the algorithm does the Bus interface Unit remain active?
During which step of the algorithm does the Bus interface Unit remain active?
Why is it important not to mix different-sized registers in instructions?
Why is it important not to mix different-sized registers in instructions?
Which instruction is considered an exception to the rule of not mixing different-sized registers?
Which instruction is considered an exception to the rule of not mixing different-sized registers?
Why do the MOV instructions not affect the flag bits in the microprocessor?
Why do the MOV instructions not affect the flag bits in the microprocessor?
Which type of MOV instruction is explicitly mentioned as not allowed?
Which type of MOV instruction is explicitly mentioned as not allowed?
Why is the code segment register not normally changed by a MOV instruction?
Why is the code segment register not normally changed by a MOV instruction?
What scaling factor is used with quad word-sized memory arrays?
What scaling factor is used with quad word-sized memory arrays?
Which form of program memory addressing is used with the JMP and CALL instructions?
Which form of program memory addressing is used with the JMP and CALL instructions?
In which high-level language is direct program memory addressing used for jumps and calls?
In which high-level language is direct program memory addressing used for jumps and calls?
What does a far jump allow a microprocessor to do?
What does a far jump allow a microprocessor to do?
How are the instructions for direct program memory addressing stored?
How are the instructions for direct program memory addressing stored?
What registers are changed during a far jump in real mode?
What registers are changed during a far jump in real mode?
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Study Notes
Types of ROM
- BIOS, the program controlling standard I/O functions, is stored in ROM.
- Other types of ROM include:
- Programmable ROM (PROM)
- Erasable PROM (EPROM), which can be reprogrammed using special equipment
- Electrically Alterable Programmable ROM (EAPROM), which is electrically reprogrammable
Read/Write Memory
- Random Access Memory (RAM) is commonly referred to as Read/Write Memory.
- Divided into:
- Static RAM (SRAM), used for high-speed memory and cache memories
- Dynamic RAM (DRAM), the bulk of main memory in a typical computer system, requiring refreshes within a millisecond to maintain its contents
Input/Output Interfaces
- Input/Output (I/O) devices provide interaction with the outside world.
- I/O devices (peripheral devices) serve two main purposes:
- To communicate with the outside world
- To store data
- Interconnections between units occur through three basic buses:
- Address Bus, for selecting memory locations and I/O devices
- Data Bus (C-Bus), for transferring instructions
- Control Bus, for controlling data transfer and other functions
Microprocessor
- The microprocessor unit executes instructions, using the control system and registers.
- Registers include:
- General-Purpose Registers (GPRs) for storing data and performing arithmetic and logical operations
- Segment Registers for addressing memory segments
- Flags Register for storing status information about previous operations
- Instruction Pointer (IP) for pointing to the next instruction to be executed
8086 Microprocessor
- Introduced in March 1978
- Implemented with 16-bit HMOS microprocessor, 29,000 transistors, and operates at 5MHz clock frequency
- Uses HMOS technology, has 40 pins, and 20-bit address lines, allowing for 1MB of memory locations
- Contains 16-bit registers: AX, BX, CX, DX, SP, BP, SI, and DI
- Extended 32-bit registers in 80386 and above: EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESP, EBP, EDI, and ESI
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