Types of ROM and Read/Write Memory

30 Questions

What type of memory is used for implementing CPU registers and cache memories?

Static RAM

In what type of memory must the contents be refreshed within less than a millisecond to prevent loss?

Dynamic RAM

What memory is commonly referred to as Random Access Memory (RAM)?

DRAM

Which type of ROM can be reprogrammed using special equipment?

EAPROM

Which type of memory is kept in ROM and controls the standard I/O functions?

BIOS

What are I/O devices also known as in computer systems?

Peripheral devices

Which register in the 8086 microprocessor stores status information about the result of the previous operation?

Flags register

What is a primary function of the segment registers in the 8086 microprocessor?

Address memory segments

What technological advantage does the 8086 microprocessor offer to programmers due to its internal structure?

Pipelining

What differentiates a microprocessor from a microcontroller in terms of functionality?

Lack of memory or peripherals

How many internal registers, each 16 bits wide, are available to a programmer using the 8086 microprocessor?

What clock frequency is associated with the operation of the 8086 microprocessor?

5 MHz

What determines the number of blocks of the pre-fetch queue an instruction occupies?

The size of the instruction

What happens to data residing in General Purpose Registers when operations like ADD, SUB, MUL, and DIV are executed?

It is sent to the ALU as input

Which component of the microprocessor causes the dynamic change in arithmetic flag register values?

ALU

What does the FIFO property of the pre-fetch queue ensure during the execution of instructions?

Execution of instructions in the order they were fetched

Which unit within the microprocessor is responsible for generating opcodes during instruction decoding?

Execution unit

What happens when mixing an 8-bit register with a 16-bit register in the microprocessor?

An error occurs

During which step of the algorithm does the Bus interface Unit remain active?

Step 3 - Instruction decoding

Why is it important not to mix different-sized registers in instructions?

To prevent errors during assembly

Which instruction is considered an exception to the rule of not mixing different-sized registers?

SHL DX, CL

Why do the MOV instructions not affect the flag bits in the microprocessor?

To maintain the integrity of the flag bits

Which type of MOV instruction is explicitly mentioned as not allowed?

Segment-to-segment register MOV

Why is the code segment register not normally changed by a MOV instruction?

The address of the next instruction is found in both IP/EIP and CS

What scaling factor is used with quad word-sized memory arrays?

Which form of program memory addressing is used with the JMP and CALL instructions?

Direct

In which high-level language is direct program memory addressing used for jumps and calls?

BASIC

What does a far jump allow a microprocessor to do?

Access memory locations within the entire system

How are the instructions for direct program memory addressing stored?

Stored with the opcode

What registers are changed during a far jump in real mode?

CS and IP

Study Notes

Types of ROM

BIOS, the program controlling standard I/O functions, is stored in ROM.
Other types of ROM include:
Programmable ROM (PROM)
Erasable PROM (EPROM), which can be reprogrammed using special equipment
Electrically Alterable Programmable ROM (EAPROM), which is electrically reprogrammable

Read/Write Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM) is commonly referred to as Read/Write Memory.
Divided into:
Static RAM (SRAM), used for high-speed memory and cache memories
Dynamic RAM (DRAM), the bulk of main memory in a typical computer system, requiring refreshes within a millisecond to maintain its contents

Input/Output Interfaces

Input/Output (I/O) devices provide interaction with the outside world.
I/O devices (peripheral devices) serve two main purposes:
To communicate with the outside world
To store data
Interconnections between units occur through three basic buses:
Address Bus, for selecting memory locations and I/O devices
Data Bus (C-Bus), for transferring instructions
Control Bus, for controlling data transfer and other functions

Microprocessor

The microprocessor unit executes instructions, using the control system and registers.
Registers include:
General-Purpose Registers (GPRs) for storing data and performing arithmetic and logical operations
Segment Registers for addressing memory segments
Flags Register for storing status information about previous operations
Instruction Pointer (IP) for pointing to the next instruction to be executed

8086 Microprocessor

Introduced in March 1978
Implemented with 16-bit HMOS microprocessor, 29,000 transistors, and operates at 5MHz clock frequency
Uses HMOS technology, has 40 pins, and 20-bit address lines, allowing for 1MB of memory locations
Contains 16-bit registers: AX, BX, CX, DX, SP, BP, SI, and DI
Extended 32-bit registers in 80386 and above: EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESP, EBP, EDI, and ESI

Learn about different types of ROM such as Programmable ROM and Erasable PROM, along with details about Read/Write memory like Random Access Memory (RAM). Explore the distinctions and applications of these memory types.

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