Types of RNA in Biology

Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

A type of RNA that carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Component of ribosomes, where proteins are assembled.

Precursor messenger RNA; needs modification before it becomes mRNA.

A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA, allowing the tRNA to match with the correct amino acid.

The 3' end of tRNA where the specific amino acid is attached.

A complex structure composed of rRNA and protein that carries out protein synthesis.

The process of creating proteins from amino acids, using instructions from mRNA and performed by ribosomes.

Ribosomal RNA; a component of ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.

A complex molecular machine responsible for protein synthesis, composed of rRNA and proteins.

70S ribosome, composed of a 30S and 50S subunit, prevalent in bacteria.

80S ribosome, found in eukaryotic cells, consists of a 40S and 60S subunit.

rRNA has a complex structure with double helix stems, single-stranded loops and non-bonded bulges.

Ribosomes are composed of multiple rRNA (and protein) subunits, that work together for protein production.

The process where ribosomes read mRNA to build polypeptide chains into proteins, a fundamental process in cells.

Ribosomal RNA consists primarily of A, G, C, and U nucleotides.

mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes to make proteins.

Three nucleotides in mRNA that code for one amino acid.

Single-stranded RNA molecule synthesized from DNA.

Process of making mRNA from DNA.

Several ribosomes translating the same mRNA molecule simultaneously.

mRNA molecules have different sizes.

mRNA makes up a small percentage of total RNA.

mRNA is mostly found in the cell cytoplasm.

Addition of a special structure at the beginning of mRNA.

The 5' Cap is a modified form of guanine with a methyl group, attached to the 5' end of the mRNA.

tRNA has an L-shaped tertiary structure, formed from base-paired stems arranged into perpendicular legs (acceptor/T stem and D/anticodon stems).

tRNA's sequence of nucleotides (A, G, C, U) and modified bases, essential for amino acid attachment.

The 5' cap, a modified guanine nucleotide, protects mRNA from degradation and helps initiate translation.

Interactions of stacking, crosslinks, and non-base-pairing H-bonds stabilize tRNA's L shape.

tRNA's cloverleaf form, created by complementary base pairing within the molecule, forming stems and loops.

Eukaryotic mRNA that codes for only one protein.

tRNA's overall L-shaped structure. Interactions of stems and loops make it.

Prokaryotic mRNA that codes for multiple proteins.

tRNA contains modified bases like inosine (I), pseudouracil (ψ), and dihydroxyuridine, in addition to the standard bases (A, U, G, C).

tRNA region where amino acids bind, allowing aminoacyl-tRNA formation.

A string of adenine nucleotides at the 3' end of mRNA that increases mRNA stability and helps it exit the nucleus.

Unusual tRNA bases protect the tRNA against degradation by enzymes in the cytoplasm by methylation.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) makes up 60-80% of the total cellular RNA.

tRNA region with modified bases, particularly dihydrouracil (D).

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA; the initial, large RNA transcript of a gene that is processed to form mRNA.

Sequence in tRNA that's complementary to mRNA codons, pairing with them during translation.

Small nuclear RNA molecules involved in RNA processing, particularly mRNA processing.

Ribosomal RNA mostly associates with proteins to form ribosomes, which are vital for peptide synthesis.

A modified guanine nucleotide (methylguanisine) attached to the 5' end of the mRNA by a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge.

tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids to the mRNA codons during protein synthesis and brings them to the growing peptide chain.

The tRNA region that reads mRNA codons to specify appropriate amino acids.

tRNA section of variable length (3-23 nucleotides).

Ribosomes and rRNA are measured in Svedberg (S) units that indicate their sedimentation rates in an ultracentrifuge.

tRNA region containing the TψC sequence (Thymine-pseudouridine-Cytosine).

Set of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a specific amino acid.