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Questions and Answers
What is nonresponse bias?
Nonresponse bias occurs when responses are not obtained from all individuals selected for inclusion in the sample.
Give an example of nonresponse bias mentioned in the text.
Health studies recruiting participants directly from clinics may miss cases of individuals who do not attend those clinics or seek care during the study.
What is the Nominal level of measurement?
The Nominal level of measurement classifies data into nonoverlapping categories with no ranking or meaningful order among them.
Provide an example of the Ordinal level of measurement.
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What does the Interval level of measurement specify?
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Study Notes
Types of Sampling Techniques
- Area sampling is used for a large population, where members are selected by area and then by lottery.
- Convenience sampling is used because it is easy for the researcher, but data accuracy may not be reliable.
- Quota sampling involves selecting respondents based on proportions of different strata.
- Purposive sampling involves selecting respondents who are related or close to the researcher.
Bias in Sampling
- Selection bias occurs when the sample selection method excludes certain parts of the population.
- Measurement or response bias occurs when the method of observation produces values that differ from the true value.
Data Collection Methods
- Experimental method is used to find cause-and-effect relationships under controlled conditions.
- Texting method involves collecting data through text messages or cellphones.
Determining Sample Size
- The Raosoft sample calculator is a software that calculates the sample size (n) of a research or survey.
Types of Random Sampling Techniques
- Lottery sampling, also known as raffle, involves numbering each member of the population and drawing the desired number of samples.
- Stratified sampling obtains samples by dividing the population into strata and selecting proportionately from each stratum.
- Cluster sampling involves dividing the population into clusters and selecting samples from each cluster.
Bias in Sampling
- Nonresponse bias occurs when responses are not obtained from all individuals selected for inclusion in the sample.
Data Organization and Presentations
- Nominal level of measurement classifies data into non-overlapping categories with no ranking or order.
- Ordinal level of measurement classifies data into some specified order or rank.
- Interval level of measurement specifies the precise difference between or among values or ranks.
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Description
Test your knowledge on different random sampling techniques including cluster sampling and convenience sampling. Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of each technique in collecting data for research purposes.
