17 Questions
What did Oskar Pfungst propose as an additional check for Clever Hans' abilities?
To whisper numbers into Hans's ear to test his math skills
What was the reason behind Hans's inability to perform under the new conditions set by Oskar Pfungst?
He was unable to read the unintended signals from the onlookers
What does the term 'Clever Hans effect' remind us of?
The danger of unintended cues from observers affecting subjects' behavior
What was the main ability that Clever Hans possessed?
Intelligence in recognizing body language and signals
What did the onlookers do after Hans tapped 11 times?
They would lean forward and tense, signaling that it was the right answer
Why did Oskar Pfungst propose whispering numbers into Hans's ear?
To see if Hans could perform math tasks without any external cues
What important lesson does the story of Clever Hans teach us?
The potential impact of unintended cues on experimental outcomes
What is one of the important limitations of case studies, as discussed in the text?
They do not tell us anything about what typically does happen
How can case studies contribute to the understanding of brain function, as mentioned in the text?
By providing evidence favoring a theoretical principle
What did Sigmund Freud's work primarily depend on?
Case studies
What are some of the technical problems that the author mentions in the text?
Sampling bias and observer effects
What is closely related to the question of 'Which particular people, or groups, or animals, are going to be the subjects of our investigation?'?
The population to generalize the results to
What is the main purpose of the steps mentioned in the text to ensure that certain problems do not distort conclusions?
To gather more accurate data
What do correlational studies sometimes do, according to the text?
Disconfirm the predictions of a causal theory
What is one example mentioned in the text that can test specific hypotheses?
Transition to experiment
What do Schachter's data, along with others, suggest about clinical outcome statistics for smoking and obesity?
They are misleadingly pessimistic
What does being responsive to a baby's cries NOT make for, according to Bell and Ainsworth's observations?
An independent baby
Learn about the method of random sampling, where every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected, often visualized as names or numbers written on slips of paper in a hat. Understand how this method helps in creating representative samples.
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