27 Questions
What is a foundational element in the construction of police subculture, according to Kraska and Paulsen?
Fear of being a victim of violence
According to Bayley, what is a significant aspect of a police officer's job?
Physical contact with dirty and foul-smelling individuals
What contributes to the heightened fear among SWAT officers, as mentioned by Kraska and Paulsen?
Dangerous assignments
What is noted as physically grueling for police officers, based on the textbook Militarization of Police?
Working all hours of the day and night
What are the four types of police roles described in the text?
Enforcer, idealist, realist, and optimist
What did statistical analyses identify in the 1990s regarding types of officers?
Traditionalists, law enforcers, lay-lows, peacekeepers, old-pros, anti-organization street cops, and dirty harry enforcers
What is a characteristic of tough-cop policing?
Selectively enforces the law against serious crime
What is a common challenge faced by police officers during their shifts?
Encountering family disturbances and traffic stops
What is described as a characteristic of police culture?
Exhibiting cynicism and addiction to adrenaline
What type of understanding do police officers have regarding their role in society?
A complex and nuanced understanding
Some officers may experience conflict between their sympathy for citizens and the necessity to use force. What does this statement imply?
Officers may have moral dilemmas when using force despite their sympathy for citizens.
What are some challenges faced by police officers due to their work schedule?
Long hours and irregular shifts leading to low social status.
What kind of situations do police officers face during their shifts?
Family disturbances, traffic stops, traffic accidents.
What did Kraska and Cubellis argue about the rise of tactical teams?
It was a direct product of the war on drugs
What did Kraska and Cubellis imply about The Tactical Edge publication?
It is essentially a trade publication
What was the main argument against Kraska and Cubellis' view on drug raids?
They overlooked the evils of widespread drug abuse and illegal possession of firearms
What did Kraska and Cubellis observe about paramilitary officers?
They had their own professional organization, periodicals, and artwork
What did Kraska and Cubellis complain about regarding for-profit training, weapons, and equipment suppliers?
They promoted 'the paramilitary subculture'
What was the main characteristic of The Tactical Edge magazine according to Kraska and Cubellis?
It is essentially a trade publication
What did Kraska and Cubellis imply about the SWAT team members' professional association?
It was not sinister as implied by others
What did Kraska and Cubellis observe about the increase in paramilitary deployments?
It was related to the rise of tactical teams
According to Kraska and Cubellis, police paramilitary teams are often used in economically deprived areas to address which of the following?
Drugs, guns, gangs, and community disorder
In the 1970s, what percentage of black males aged 18-35 in Washington, D.C. were involved in the criminal justice system?
40-50%
What percentage of all convictions accounted for drug violations according to the text?
30-50%
Despite whites being three to five times more likely to use drugs, what percentage of those arrested for drug violations were blacks?
40%
According to Kraska and Kappeler, which police unit was cited as an example of oppressing inner-city blacks?
Rapid Deployment Unit (RDU)
What was the actual role of the Rapid Deployment Unit (RDU) mentioned in the text?
Conducting undercover drug buys and warrant service
Study Notes
- Kraska and Cubellis (1997) discussed the issue of police reform and the use of para-military units in community policing.
- They noted that police paramilitary teams are often used in economically deprived areas to address politicized problems like drugs, guns, gangs, and community disorder.
- The U.S. prison population has increased by 600 percent in the last 30 years, with a disproportionate number of inmates being poor, minority males.
- In the 1970s, 40-50 percent of black males aged 18-35 in Washington, D.C. were involved in the criminal justice system.
- Drug violations accounted for 30-50 percent of all convictions, with blacks constituting 40 percent of all those arrested for drug violations, despite whites being three to five times more likely to use drugs.
- Kraska and Kappeler cited the Rapid Deployment Unit (RDU) of the Washington, D.C. police as an example of a SWAT team oppressing inner-city blacks, but the RDU was actually a patrol unit conducting undercover drug buys and warrant service.
- Officers of the RDU were described as using racist and demeaning language towards suspects.
- Police administrators saw the need to target gangs and drug dealers, and the public supported harsh measures to suppress them, leading to a lack of outrage when abuses occurred.
- The police saw themselves as attempting to save the community, as shown in Operation Pressure Point in New York City, where a police crackdown on drug markets led to a significant decrease in crime but also potential displacement of the drug market.
Test your knowledge about different types of police officers and their approach to law enforcement. Learn about the various categories of officers and their interactions with citizens and supervisors.
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