Types of Pesticides

Their ability to repel pests without killing them, making them distasteful enough to keep pests away from treated areas.

Paul Muller discovered DDT in 1939.

Pesticides help in the preservation of wood from destruction by termites and other wood-boring insects.

The consequences of using pesticides, as there are still public concerns about their effects.

Enhanced agricultural production of quality foods.

The reception of pesticides for the management of agricultural pests by farmers.

As an effective weapon for managing agricultural pests.

Their harmful effects, as elaborated in Rachel Carson's book 'Silent Spring'.

It makes the utilization of pesticides counterproductive.

Beneficial microorganisms, soil quality, soil enzymes, and aquatic microorganisms and algae.

The development of resistance and cross-resistance to other pesticides.

It has led to dependence on pesticides and ignoring other alternatives such as organic agriculture and biopesticides.

The high cost of production and the standard benefit:cost ratio.

It is tedious, time-consuming, and highly demanding with many requirements.

Acute poisoning, chronic poisoning, neurobehavioral effects, developmental and reproductive effects, carcinogenic effects, and immunological effects.

It contributes to pollution of the environment through runoff into water bodies, leakage into groundwater, and drift through wind and soil erosion.

To prevent, destroy, or control pest including insects, fungus, rodents, or unwanted species of plants causing harm during production and storage of crops.

Biological pesticides are host-specific, less toxic, and biodegradable, whereas chemical pesticides are non-specific, toxic, and may not be biodegradable.

Natural materials such as animal, plant, and microorganism (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes).

Organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroids.

Growth regulators, repellents, attractants, and chemosterilants.

They are less toxic, decomposed easily, and required in small quantities.

They are quite toxic and may not be biodegradable, causing environmental pollution.

Microbial pesticides.

Pesticides affect soil structure and physicochemical properties, leading to less water permeation and more run-offs, resulting in flooding.

Pesticides are washed into water bodies by irrigation water and rainwater.

Pesticides affect the activity of soil microorganisms involved in decomposition, aeration, and nutrient cycles.

Erroneous dosage of pesticides can lead to large financial losses for farmers, especially in developing countries.

Inadequate staff, lack of legislative expertise, and insufficient infrastructure and resources hinder the government's regulatory role.

Inadequate safety measures can lead to contaminations and poisoning in the field.

Poor extension services can significantly affect rural farmers, especially in rural areas.

Pesticide usage can lead to soil impoverishment, water pollution, and disruption of ecological balances.

Safe practices that reduce the pesticides off-site movement.

Because pesticides cannot be eliminated as in other environments, and pollutant concentration cannot be reduced as easily.

Human consumption, irrigation, and domestic animals.

Contaminants that occur as impurities inside the active ingredient.

Spray drift, runoff, and leaching.

In a direct way, and also indirectly through decreasing fish's food sources, changing food habits, and deteriorating the quality of aquatic habitat.

Reducing the abundance of primary producers, ultimately decreasing the primary and secondary consumers.

To prevent the contamination of water resources and protect aquatic ecosystems.