Types of Numbers in Mathematics

Natural Numbers: 1, 2, 3, ... (positive integers)
Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (non-negative integers)
Integers: ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (all whole numbers and their opposites)
Rational Numbers: fractions, decimals, and percentages (can be expressed as a ratio of integers)
Irrational Numbers: cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers (e.g. π, e, √2)
Real Numbers: all rational and irrational numbers
Complex Numbers: numbers with real and imaginary parts (e.g. 3 + 4i)

Addition: combining two or more numbers to get a total or a sum
Subtraction: finding the difference between two numbers
Multiplication: repeated addition, or the product of two or more numbers
Division: sharing a quantity into equal parts, or finding how many times one number fits into another
Exponents: powers of numbers (e.g. 2^3 means 2 to the power of 3)
Roots: the opposite of exponents (e.g. √4 means the square root of 4)

Variables: letters or symbols representing unknown values
Constants: numbers that do not change value
Expressions: combinations of variables, constants, and operations
Equations: statements saying that two expressions are equal
Inequalities: statements saying that one expression is greater than, less than, or equal to another

Types of Data: qualitative (descriptive), quantitative (numerical), and categorical (grouped)
Graphs: visual representations of data (e.g. bar graphs, pie charts, line graphs)
Statistics: methods for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data
Probability: chance or likelihood of an event occurring

Natural Numbers: Positive integers starting from 1 (1, 2, 3,...).
Whole Numbers: All non-negative integers including zero (0, 1, 2, 3,...).
Integers: Includes all whole numbers and their negative counterparts (..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...).
Rational Numbers: Can be expressed as a fraction or ratio of integers, includes terminating and repeating decimals.
Irrational Numbers: Cannot be expressed as a fraction, examples include π, e, and √2.
Real Numbers: Comprise both rational and irrational numbers, covering all number lines.
Complex Numbers: Formed by a real part and an imaginary part, represented as (a + bi), where i is the imaginary unit.

Addition: The process of combining numbers to find a total.
Subtraction: The operation of determining the difference between two numbers.
Multiplication: Expresses repeated addition of a number or numbers.
Division: Involves splitting a quantity into equal parts or determining how many times one number fits into another.
Exponents: Notation that indicates the power to which a number is raised (e.g., 2^3 means 2 multiplied by itself three times).
Roots: Operation finding a value that, when raised to a certain power, gives the original number (e.g., √4 returns 2).

Variables: Symbols such as x or y used to represent unknown values in expressions and equations.
Constants: Fixed values that do not change throughout a problem or equation.
Expressions: Combinations of variables, constants, and operations that represent a mathematical quantity.
Equations: Mathematical statements indicating that two expressions are equivalent.
Inequalities: Comparisons between two expressions showing their relative sizes (greater than, less than, or equal).

Points: Defined locations in space marked by coordinates with no size or dimension.
Lines: Straight paths extending infinitely in both directions, containing infinite points.
Rays: Similar to lines but extend infinitely in one direction from a starting point.
Angles: Formed by the intersection of two rays at a common endpoint, measured in degrees.
Triangles: Polygons with three sides and three angles, classified by angles and side lengths.
Circles: Closed curves where all points are equidistant from a fixed central point.

Length: The straight-line distance between two points, usually measured in units such as meters or inches.
Area: The total space contained within a shape, measured in square units.
Volume: The three-dimensional space an object occupies, measured in cubic units.
Capacity: Refers to the amount of liquid a container can hold, commonly measured in liters or gallons.
Mass: A measurement of the amount of matter present in an object, often measured in grams or kilograms.
Time: The duration between two events, quantifiable in units like seconds, minutes, or hours.

Types of Data: Includes qualitative (descriptive attributes), quantitative (numerical measurements), and categorical (grouped classifications).
Graphs: Graphical means to represent data visually, includes bar graphs, pie charts, and line graphs for easy interpretation.
Statistics: Techniques for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to infer conclusions.
Probability: Measures the chance of an event occurring, often expressed as a fraction or percentage.