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Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately describes the function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Which statement accurately describes the function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
- It causes vasodilation in cutaneous blood vessels.
- It has special fibers that synapse with chromaffin cells to release norepinephrine. (correct)
- It promotes energy conservation and enhancement of digestion.
- It originates from the brainstem and lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
Which physiological process is primarily associated with the sympathetic division?
Which physiological process is primarily associated with the sympathetic division?
- Intestinal peristalsis.
- Contraction of the gallbladder.
- Ejaculation. (correct)
- Detrusor muscle contraction.
Which of the following responses is associated with parasympathetic stimulation?
Which of the following responses is associated with parasympathetic stimulation?
- Mydriasis.
- Bronchodilation.
- Increased salivation. (correct)
- Cutaneous vasoconstriction.
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder?
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers?
Which physiological action is primarily governed by the sympathetic nervous system?
Which physiological action is primarily governed by the sympathetic nervous system?
What describes the diameter and conduction speed of an alpha motor neuron?
What describes the diameter and conduction speed of an alpha motor neuron?
What is the role of the preganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the role of the preganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system?
Where do the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons reside in the autonomic nervous system?
Where do the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons reside in the autonomic nervous system?
Which part of the nervous system primarily controls involuntary responses?
Which part of the nervous system primarily controls involuntary responses?
What type of motor output does the autonomic nervous system provide?
What type of motor output does the autonomic nervous system provide?
Which structures are involved in processing sensory input in the autonomic nervous system?
Which structures are involved in processing sensory input in the autonomic nervous system?
What characterizes the motor neuron pathway in the autonomic nervous system?
What characterizes the motor neuron pathway in the autonomic nervous system?
What role does the brainstem play in autonomic signaling?
What role does the brainstem play in autonomic signaling?
Which of the following describes somatic senses in relation to autonomic functions?
Which of the following describes somatic senses in relation to autonomic functions?
What is the primary reason the white ramus communicans is described as 'white'?
What is the primary reason the white ramus communicans is described as 'white'?
What happens after the preganglionic axon synapses in a sympathetic ganglion?
What happens after the preganglionic axon synapses in a sympathetic ganglion?
Which of the following describes the pathway of a preganglionic axon in the sympathetic trunk?
Which of the following describes the pathway of a preganglionic axon in the sympathetic trunk?
Which structure is modified to function as a specialized sympathetic ganglion?
Which structure is modified to function as a specialized sympathetic ganglion?
What is one function of the suprarenal medullae?
What is one function of the suprarenal medullae?
Where do postganglionic fibers exit the sympathetic trunk?
Where do postganglionic fibers exit the sympathetic trunk?
What defines the sympathetic ganglion's role in the autonomic nervous system?
What defines the sympathetic ganglion's role in the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collateral ganglia?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collateral ganglia?
What is the function of the gray ramus communicans?
What is the function of the gray ramus communicans?
What effect does the stimulation of arrector pili muscles have?
What effect does the stimulation of arrector pili muscles have?
Which of the following best describes the role of the celiac ganglion?
Which of the following best describes the role of the celiac ganglion?
What distinguishes the preganglionic neuron from the postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic system?
What distinguishes the preganglionic neuron from the postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic system?
Which of the following is a physiological effect of the sympathetic nervous system that occurs via the suprarenal medullae?
Which of the following is a physiological effect of the sympathetic nervous system that occurs via the suprarenal medullae?
What typically follows the activation of postganglionic fibers?
What typically follows the activation of postganglionic fibers?
Which aspect of the sympathetic nervous system helps regulate stress responses?
Which aspect of the sympathetic nervous system helps regulate stress responses?
Which ganglia are located anterior to the vertebral column?
Which ganglia are located anterior to the vertebral column?
Which response is typically NOT associated with sympathetic stimulation?
Which response is typically NOT associated with sympathetic stimulation?
What is a function of the inferior hypogastric ganglia?
What is a function of the inferior hypogastric ganglia?
What occurs when the digestive organs experience decreased activity as a result of sympathetic activation?
What occurs when the digestive organs experience decreased activity as a result of sympathetic activation?
How do neurons in the sympathetic nervous system reach the suprarenal medullae?
How do neurons in the sympathetic nervous system reach the suprarenal medullae?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is indicative of the degree of branching in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is indicative of the degree of branching in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which statement best describes the functional role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which statement best describes the functional role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
How does the branching of the parasympathetic nervous system compare to that of the sympathetic nervous system?
How does the branching of the parasympathetic nervous system compare to that of the sympathetic nervous system?
During which situation does the sympathetic nervous system mobilize visceral organs simultaneously?
During which situation does the sympathetic nervous system mobilize visceral organs simultaneously?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the sympathetic nervous system's postganglionic fibers?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the sympathetic nervous system's postganglionic fibers?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the sympathetic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the sympathetic nervous system?
What is a key difference between the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
What is a key difference between the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
In terms of overall reaction, how does the parasympathetic nervous system function?
In terms of overall reaction, how does the parasympathetic nervous system function?
Which scenario would likely activate the sympathetic nervous system?
Which scenario would likely activate the sympathetic nervous system?
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Study Notes
Nerve Fibers and Autonomic Nervous System Overview
- Alpha motor neurons feature large diameters and rapid conduction due to high myelination.
- The autonomic nervous system employs a chain of two motor neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic.
- Preganglionic neurons synapse in peripheral ganglia where postganglionic neurons extend to effector organs.
Sensory Input and Motor Control
- Sensory input primarily involves general sensory pathways; includes some somatic and special senses.
- Motor output control is mostly involuntary, coordinated by the hypothalamus, limbic system, and brainstem, with limited input from the cerebral cortex.
Motor Neuron Pathways
- The autonomic system comprises a two-neuron pathway.
- Preganglionic signals activate postganglionic neurons, which then stimulate target organs.
Suprarenal Medulla Functions
- Fibers pass through the sympathetic chain and celiac ganglion without synapsing.
- Postganglionic neurons in the suprarenal medulla release epinephrine and norepinephrine, mediating stress response.
Collateral Ganglia Characteristics
- Collateral ganglia are differentiated from sympathetic trunk ganglia by being unpaired, originating only in the abdomen and pelvis, and lying anterior to the vertebral column.
- Main collateral ganglia include the celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and inferior hypogastric ganglia.
Effects of Collateral Ganglia
- Reduction of blood flow to visceral organs.
- Decreased digestive organ activity.
- Promotion of glucose release from glycogen in the liver and energy reserve release from adipose tissue.
- Smooth muscle relaxation in the urinary bladder.
Neurological Pathways
- Preganglionic axons can ascend or descend within the sympathetic trunk to synapse at different ganglia.
- Postganglionic fibers exit the sympathetic trunk via gray rami communicans to reach effector organs.
Degree of Branching
- Sympathetic pathways typically feature short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers with extensive branching for simultaneous activation of visceral organs.
- Parasympathetic pathways exhibit long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers, resulting in localized and discrete responses.
Functional Roles
- The sympathetic division prepares the body for emergencies, facilitating the "fight or flight" response.
- The parasympathetic division focuses on maintenance functions and energy conservation.
Knowledge Check
- Activities are divided into sympathetic (e.g., bronchodilation, ejaculation) and parasympathetic (e.g., intestinal peristalsis, salivation) responses.
- Special fibers in the sympathetic division synapse with chromaffin cells for norepinephrine release.
Neurotransmitter Dynamics
- Variability in neurotransmitter release depending on the division: sympathetic utilizes norepinephrine and epinephrine, while parasympathetic primarily uses acetylcholine.
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