Autonomic Nervous System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of collateral ganglia compared to sympathetic trunk ganglia?

  • They occur only in the abdomen and pelvis. (correct)
  • They have myelinated neurons.
  • They synapse in the spinal cord.
  • They are paired and segmentally arranged.
  • Which type of rami are associated only with the sympathetic division?

  • Dorsal rami
  • White rami (correct)
  • Ventral rami
  • Gray rami
  • Which spinal cord segments contain white rami?

  • T1 – L2 cord segments (correct)
  • All of the spinal cord segments
  • Sacral region only
  • Cervical region only
  • What type of fibers are pilomotor fibers associated with?

    <p>Smooth muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of vasomotor fibers?

    <p>Promote vasoconstriction of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter do sudor-motor fibers primarily release?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do preganglionic fibers synapse in the case of impulse transmission at the same level?

    <p>In the gray matter of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a type of tissue involved in impulse transmission?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do all preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division arise from?

    <p>Thoracolumbar spinal cord segments T1 – L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

    <p>Skeletal muscle of the arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Ganglion Impar?

    <p>Convergence of two pelvic sympathetic trunks at the coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological processes does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

    <p>Heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is predominantly released by most postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rami communicants is associated with spinal nerves T1 to L2 only?

    <p>White rami communicants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the efferent pathway in the autonomic nervous system differ from that in the somatic nervous system?

    <p>The autonomic pathway consists of two neurons in a chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During vigorous physical activity, which of the following adjustments does the sympathetic nervous system NOT typically initiate?

    <p>Reduced air flow in lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT activated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Decreases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way can preganglionic neurons synapse?

    <p>At the same level or a distant collateral ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the effectors of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Somatic nervous system targets skeletal muscles, while autonomic targets smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the structure of the paravertebral sympathetic trunk?

    <p>A series of interconnected ganglia extending from the neck to pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the paravertebral ganglia located in relation to the spinal cord?

    <p>Alongside the spinal cord in a chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ganglia are found in each sympathetic trunk?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are considered the primary target organs of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Cutaneous blood vessels and sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the activation of the sympathetic division?

    <p>Heightens mental alertness and increases blood flow to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the middle cervical cardiac nerve?

    <p>Vasomotor effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which spinal level is the inferior cervical ganglion located?

    <p>C7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plexus is responsible for increasing heart rate and cardiac output?

    <p>Cardiac plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is associated with the thoracic cardiac nerves?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ganglion is primarily involved with innervating the stomach and liver?

    <p>Celiac ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do the preganglionic fibers of the greater splanchnic nerves have?

    <p>Influence gastrointestinal motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the pulmonary plexus?

    <p>Bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the esophageal plexus in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Decrease peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the splanchnic nerve in the context of collateral ganglia?

    <p>To synapse in the collateral ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cervical sympathetic ganglion is located at the C1-C2 level?

    <p>Superior cervical ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is associated with the middle cervical ganglion?

    <p>Plexuses around the inferior thyroid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the superior cervical ganglion affect the lacrimal glands?

    <p>It constricts blood supply, reducing lacrimation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of rami communicants are present in the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk?

    <p>Only gray rami communicants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerves contribute to the formation of the superior cervical ganglion?

    <p>C1-C4 spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT innervated by the superior cervical ganglion?

    <p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the internal carotid plexus as it relates to the superior cervical ganglion?

    <p>To innervate the ciliary ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the stimulation of the lesser splanchnic nerve have on gastrointestinal function?

    <p>Inhibits absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the adrenal gland is correct?

    <p>The adrenal medullary cells act as postganglionic neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for decreasing urine production when stimulated?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major function of the lumbar splanchnic nerves?

    <p>Inhibiting peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system generally lead to in terms of gastrointestinal activity?

    <p>Decreased blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the function of visceral sensory neurons?

    <p>They send information about various internal states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is associated with the superior mesenteric ganglion?

    <p>Lesser splanchnic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During sympathetic activation, what happens to insulin production?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT regulated by the sympathetic innervation of the inferior mesenteric ganglion?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitters are released by the adrenal medullary cells during sympathetic stimulation?

    <p>Norepinephrine and epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • The autonomic nervous system functions independently, regulating smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.
    • It controls involuntary processes crucial for homeostasis, including heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, digestion, metabolism, excretion, sexual function, and fluid composition.
    • Primary target organs include thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera, as well as some structures of the body wall, like blood vessels, sweat glands, and piloerector muscles.

    Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Sympathetic efferent fibers (sympathetic outflow) control the body's responses to stressful situations (fight or flight).

    • Sympathetic afferent nerve fibers relay sensory information.

    • Sympathetic trunks and ganglia are key components controlling this system's functions.

    • The sympathetic division has preganglionic and postganglionic fibers.

    • The sympathetic trunk generally runs alongside the spinal column.

    • There are three cervical, eleven thoracic, four lumbar, and four sacral ganglia.

    •  Paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic trunks) are important relay points.

    • Prevertebral ganglia (collateral ganglia) are associated with the abdominal aorta and form prevertebral plexuses.

    •  Preganglionic fibers originate in the spinal cord from T1 to L2.

    • Postganglionic nerve fibers are typically longer, extending to various organs.

    • The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for numerous changes in the body during stress response.

    • Specific actions include heightened mental alertness, elevated metabolic rate, and decreased digestive functions.

    • Increased respiratory rate and dilating respiratory passageways to improve oxygen intake.

    • Increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

    • Activates sweat glands.

    • Blood is shunted from viscera (internal organs) to skeletal muscles and to the heart.

    Somatic vs. Autonomic NS

    • Somatic nervous system does not have ganglia. It has only one neuron extending from CNS to skeletal muscle.
    • Autonomic NS involves two neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic.
    • Its effectors are smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.
    • The preganglionic and postganglionic fibers generally have different neurotransmitters; most preganglionic fibers use acetylcholine (Ach), whereas most postganglionic fibers use norepinephrine (NE).

    Impulse Transmission

    • Rami communicants are associated with spinal nerves T1-L2.
    • White rami communicants are myelinated and connect to the paravertebral ganglia, whereas gray rami communicants are un-myelinated, and they connect to all spinal ganglia.
    • Rami communicants convey postganglionic fibers between spinal nerves and trunk.
    • Sympathetic division involves a chain or trunk of ganglia.
    • Rami communicants may travel to the same, higher, or lower level through the sympathetic trunk.

    Postganglionic Neurons

    • The synapse level of postganglionic neurons may occur at the same, higher, or lower level.
    • Preganglionic axons can ascend or descend through the sympathetic trunk to reach different ganglia.
    • Synapses may occur in distant collateral or prevertebral ganglia, forming splanchnic nerves.
    • Collateral ganglia are located in the abdomen and pelvis and are neither paired nor segmentally arranged; whereas sympathetic trunk ganglia are both.

    Splanchnic Nerves and Ganglia

    • Splanchnic nerves are important for visceral functions.
    • Greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves are found in the abdomen.
    • Preganglionic fibers travel to prevertebral/collateral ganglia.

    Superior, Middle and Inferior Cervical Ganglia

    • Superior Cervical Ganglion - Innervates eyes, salivary glands, & head blood vessels.
    • Middle Cervical Ganglion - Innervates trachea, esophagus, and pharynx.
    • Inferior Cervical Ganglion - Innervates thoracic region and heart. This ganglion often fuses with the first thoracic ganglion, forming the stellate ganglion.
    • Note also the Cervical part - only gray rami communicants. No white rami communicants.

    Prevertebral Ganglia

    • They're found in the abdomen.
    • Preganglionic fibers pass through the white and gray rami, eventually projecting to collateral ganglia.
    • Celiac ganglia control most abdominal organs; other ganglia connect to the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.

    Visceral Sensory Neurons

    • These neurons relay information about chemical changes, stretch, temperature, and irritation of the viscera to the brain.
    • The brain then interprets them as sensations like hunger, fullness, pain, or nausea.
    • Visceral sensory neurons are situated in the dorsal root ganglia and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves.

    Visceral Reflexes

    • Visceral reflexes involve steps such as a receptor in the viscera, visceral sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron (two-neuron chain), visceral effector that may be located within the walls of the GI tract, or in preganglionic neurons.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the autonomic nervous system, focusing on the differences between collateral ganglia and sympathetic trunk ganglia. Delve into the roles of various fibers, their associated rami, and neurotransmitter functions within this crucial biological system.

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