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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of collateral ganglia compared to sympathetic trunk ganglia?
What is the main characteristic of collateral ganglia compared to sympathetic trunk ganglia?
Which type of rami are associated only with the sympathetic division?
Which type of rami are associated only with the sympathetic division?
Which spinal cord segments contain white rami?
Which spinal cord segments contain white rami?
What type of fibers are pilomotor fibers associated with?
What type of fibers are pilomotor fibers associated with?
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What is the function of vasomotor fibers?
What is the function of vasomotor fibers?
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Which neurotransmitter do sudor-motor fibers primarily release?
Which neurotransmitter do sudor-motor fibers primarily release?
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Where do preganglionic fibers synapse in the case of impulse transmission at the same level?
Where do preganglionic fibers synapse in the case of impulse transmission at the same level?
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What is NOT a type of tissue involved in impulse transmission?
What is NOT a type of tissue involved in impulse transmission?
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Where do all preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division arise from?
Where do all preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division arise from?
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Which of the following structures is NOT innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
Which of the following structures is NOT innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
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What is the function of the Ganglion Impar?
What is the function of the Ganglion Impar?
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What physiological processes does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
What physiological processes does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
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Which neurotransmitter is predominantly released by most postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is predominantly released by most postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?
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Which type of rami communicants is associated with spinal nerves T1 to L2 only?
Which type of rami communicants is associated with spinal nerves T1 to L2 only?
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How does the efferent pathway in the autonomic nervous system differ from that in the somatic nervous system?
How does the efferent pathway in the autonomic nervous system differ from that in the somatic nervous system?
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During vigorous physical activity, which of the following adjustments does the sympathetic nervous system NOT typically initiate?
During vigorous physical activity, which of the following adjustments does the sympathetic nervous system NOT typically initiate?
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Which of the following is NOT activated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT activated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
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In which way can preganglionic neurons synapse?
In which way can preganglionic neurons synapse?
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What is the primary difference between the effectors of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary difference between the effectors of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?
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Which of the following best describes the structure of the paravertebral sympathetic trunk?
Which of the following best describes the structure of the paravertebral sympathetic trunk?
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Where are the paravertebral ganglia located in relation to the spinal cord?
Where are the paravertebral ganglia located in relation to the spinal cord?
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How many ganglia are found in each sympathetic trunk?
How many ganglia are found in each sympathetic trunk?
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Which structures are considered the primary target organs of the autonomic nervous system?
Which structures are considered the primary target organs of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which of the following best describes the activation of the sympathetic division?
Which of the following best describes the activation of the sympathetic division?
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What is the primary function of the middle cervical cardiac nerve?
What is the primary function of the middle cervical cardiac nerve?
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At which spinal level is the inferior cervical ganglion located?
At which spinal level is the inferior cervical ganglion located?
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Which plexus is responsible for increasing heart rate and cardiac output?
Which plexus is responsible for increasing heart rate and cardiac output?
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What action is associated with the thoracic cardiac nerves?
What action is associated with the thoracic cardiac nerves?
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Which ganglion is primarily involved with innervating the stomach and liver?
Which ganglion is primarily involved with innervating the stomach and liver?
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What effect do the preganglionic fibers of the greater splanchnic nerves have?
What effect do the preganglionic fibers of the greater splanchnic nerves have?
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Which of the following is a function of the pulmonary plexus?
Which of the following is a function of the pulmonary plexus?
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What is the main function of the esophageal plexus in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the main function of the esophageal plexus in the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the function of the splanchnic nerve in the context of collateral ganglia?
What is the function of the splanchnic nerve in the context of collateral ganglia?
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Which cervical sympathetic ganglion is located at the C1-C2 level?
Which cervical sympathetic ganglion is located at the C1-C2 level?
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Which of the following structures is associated with the middle cervical ganglion?
Which of the following structures is associated with the middle cervical ganglion?
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How does the superior cervical ganglion affect the lacrimal glands?
How does the superior cervical ganglion affect the lacrimal glands?
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What types of rami communicants are present in the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk?
What types of rami communicants are present in the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk?
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Which spinal nerves contribute to the formation of the superior cervical ganglion?
Which spinal nerves contribute to the formation of the superior cervical ganglion?
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Which of the following is NOT innervated by the superior cervical ganglion?
Which of the following is NOT innervated by the superior cervical ganglion?
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What is the primary role of the internal carotid plexus as it relates to the superior cervical ganglion?
What is the primary role of the internal carotid plexus as it relates to the superior cervical ganglion?
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What effect does the stimulation of the lesser splanchnic nerve have on gastrointestinal function?
What effect does the stimulation of the lesser splanchnic nerve have on gastrointestinal function?
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Which of the following statements regarding the adrenal gland is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding the adrenal gland is correct?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for decreasing urine production when stimulated?
Which structure is primarily responsible for decreasing urine production when stimulated?
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What is the major function of the lumbar splanchnic nerves?
What is the major function of the lumbar splanchnic nerves?
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What does the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system generally lead to in terms of gastrointestinal activity?
What does the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system generally lead to in terms of gastrointestinal activity?
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Which statement correctly describes the function of visceral sensory neurons?
Which statement correctly describes the function of visceral sensory neurons?
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Which component is associated with the superior mesenteric ganglion?
Which component is associated with the superior mesenteric ganglion?
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During sympathetic activation, what happens to insulin production?
During sympathetic activation, what happens to insulin production?
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Which of the following is NOT regulated by the sympathetic innervation of the inferior mesenteric ganglion?
Which of the following is NOT regulated by the sympathetic innervation of the inferior mesenteric ganglion?
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What neurotransmitters are released by the adrenal medullary cells during sympathetic stimulation?
What neurotransmitters are released by the adrenal medullary cells during sympathetic stimulation?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The autonomic nervous system functions independently, regulating smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.
- It controls involuntary processes crucial for homeostasis, including heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, digestion, metabolism, excretion, sexual function, and fluid composition.
- Primary target organs include thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera, as well as some structures of the body wall, like blood vessels, sweat glands, and piloerector muscles.
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Sympathetic efferent fibers (sympathetic outflow) control the body's responses to stressful situations (fight or flight).
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Sympathetic afferent nerve fibers relay sensory information.
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Sympathetic trunks and ganglia are key components controlling this system's functions.
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The sympathetic division has preganglionic and postganglionic fibers.
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The sympathetic trunk generally runs alongside the spinal column.
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There are three cervical, eleven thoracic, four lumbar, and four sacral ganglia.
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Paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic trunks) are important relay points.
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Prevertebral ganglia (collateral ganglia) are associated with the abdominal aorta and form prevertebral plexuses.
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Preganglionic fibers originate in the spinal cord from T1 to L2.
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Postganglionic nerve fibers are typically longer, extending to various organs.
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The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for numerous changes in the body during stress response.
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Specific actions include heightened mental alertness, elevated metabolic rate, and decreased digestive functions.
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Increased respiratory rate and dilating respiratory passageways to improve oxygen intake.
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Increasing heart rate and blood pressure.
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Activates sweat glands.
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Blood is shunted from viscera (internal organs) to skeletal muscles and to the heart.
Somatic vs. Autonomic NS
- Somatic nervous system does not have ganglia. It has only one neuron extending from CNS to skeletal muscle.
- Autonomic NS involves two neurons: preganglionic and postganglionic.
- Its effectors are smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.
- The preganglionic and postganglionic fibers generally have different neurotransmitters; most preganglionic fibers use acetylcholine (Ach), whereas most postganglionic fibers use norepinephrine (NE).
Impulse Transmission
- Rami communicants are associated with spinal nerves T1-L2.
- White rami communicants are myelinated and connect to the paravertebral ganglia, whereas gray rami communicants are un-myelinated, and they connect to all spinal ganglia.
- Rami communicants convey postganglionic fibers between spinal nerves and trunk.
- Sympathetic division involves a chain or trunk of ganglia.
- Rami communicants may travel to the same, higher, or lower level through the sympathetic trunk.
Postganglionic Neurons
- The synapse level of postganglionic neurons may occur at the same, higher, or lower level.
- Preganglionic axons can ascend or descend through the sympathetic trunk to reach different ganglia.
- Synapses may occur in distant collateral or prevertebral ganglia, forming splanchnic nerves.
- Collateral ganglia are located in the abdomen and pelvis and are neither paired nor segmentally arranged; whereas sympathetic trunk ganglia are both.
Splanchnic Nerves and Ganglia
- Splanchnic nerves are important for visceral functions.
- Greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves are found in the abdomen.
- Preganglionic fibers travel to prevertebral/collateral ganglia.
Superior, Middle and Inferior Cervical Ganglia
- Superior Cervical Ganglion - Innervates eyes, salivary glands, & head blood vessels.
- Middle Cervical Ganglion - Innervates trachea, esophagus, and pharynx.
- Inferior Cervical Ganglion - Innervates thoracic region and heart. This ganglion often fuses with the first thoracic ganglion, forming the stellate ganglion.
- Note also the Cervical part - only gray rami communicants. No white rami communicants.
Prevertebral Ganglia
- They're found in the abdomen.
- Preganglionic fibers pass through the white and gray rami, eventually projecting to collateral ganglia.
- Celiac ganglia control most abdominal organs; other ganglia connect to the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.
Visceral Sensory Neurons
- These neurons relay information about chemical changes, stretch, temperature, and irritation of the viscera to the brain.
- The brain then interprets them as sensations like hunger, fullness, pain, or nausea.
- Visceral sensory neurons are situated in the dorsal root ganglia and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves.
Visceral Reflexes
- Visceral reflexes involve steps such as a receptor in the viscera, visceral sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron (two-neuron chain), visceral effector that may be located within the walls of the GI tract, or in preganglionic neurons.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the autonomic nervous system, focusing on the differences between collateral ganglia and sympathetic trunk ganglia. Delve into the roles of various fibers, their associated rami, and neurotransmitter functions within this crucial biological system.