CH 5: Mutations

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What causes Sickle Cell Anaemia?

A recessive gene mutation affecting melanin production

Abnormal separation of chromosomes during Anaphase I

An extra chromosome 21

A faulty haemoglobin molecule due to a gene mutation (correct)

How does Albinism affect individuals?

By causing abnormal red blood cells

By blocking capillaries

By affecting skin, hair, and eye color due to a melanin deficiency (correct)

By altering chromosome numbers

Which phase of cell division can result in chromosome aberrations like Down syndrome?

Telophase II

Anaphase I (correct)

Anaphase II

Metaphase I

What is the cause of Down syndrome?

Non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis Signup and view all the answers

How do chromosomal aberrations affect gametes?

By producing extra chromosomes in gametes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is characterized by changes to the DNA responsible for producing specific proteins?

Harmful mutations Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of DNA is non-coding and often involved in harmless mutations?

98.5% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is considered beneficial as it enhances the organism's survival chances?

Useful mutations Signup and view all the answers

In what process do gene mutations occur if a base pair is added, omitted, or doubled up?

DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the genetic variation that occurs due to advantageous gene mutations being passed on and contributing to natural selection?

Survival of the fittest Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation involves changes to non-coding DNA and does not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

Neutral mutations Signup and view all the answers

Which mutation type leads to genetic disorders like haemophilia and sickle cell anaemia?

Harmful mutations Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of harmless mutations mentioned in the text?

Freckles, blonde hair, and baldness Signup and view all the answers

How do useful mutations contribute to natural selection?

By enhancing survival chances and leading to advantageous genetic variation Signup and view all the answers

When do gene mutations occur, resulting in alterations to the base sequence in DNA?

During DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sex-linked gene mutation mentioned in the text?

Haemophilia Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of DNA constitutes non-coding DNA that often undergoes harmless mutations?

~98.5% Signup and view all the answers

What type of gene mutation causes Sickle Cell Anaemia?

Dominant gene mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is caused by a gene mutation affecting the normal development of melanin?

Chromosomal aberration Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of cell division can chromosome aberrations like Down syndrome occur?

Prophase II Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic consequence of non-disjunction during meiosis?

Inversion of chromosomal segments Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the effect of faulty haemoglobin molecules in Sickle Cell Anaemia on red blood cells?

Vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

How does a zygote develop Down syndrome according to the text?

Via dominant gene mutations inherited from one parent Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most commonly affected by Albinism?

Digestive system function Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between harmless mutations and harmful mutations?

Harmless mutations change non-coding DNA, while harmful mutations affect protein production. Signup and view all the answers

How do useful mutations contribute to advantageous genetic variation?

By enhancing the organism's survival chances through beneficial traits. Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic condition is mentioned in the text as an example of a harmful mutation?

Haemophilia Signup and view all the answers

What effect do harmful mutations have on an organism?

Cause genetic disorders and affect overall health Signup and view all the answers

Which specific type of DNA is often involved in harmless mutations?

Non-coding DNA Signup and view all the answers

What role do useful mutations play in natural selection?

They enhance survival chances, allowing organisms to pass on beneficial traits. Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic condition is affected by sex-linked gene mutations?

Colour-blindness Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of anaphase I not separating chromosomes properly during cell division?

Generation of abnormal zygotes Signup and view all the answers

How does a mutation in the gene responsible for producing melanin manifest in individuals?

Abnormal skin, hair, and eye color Signup and view all the answers

In Down syndrome, what is the genetic basis of the condition?

Extra or missing chromosome 21 Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules have on red blood cells in Sickle Cell Anaemia?

Abnormally shaped red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is characterized by an alteration in the DNA sequence that does not affect the structure or function of the cell?

Silent mutation Signup and view all the answers

How do chromosome aberrations like Down syndrome affect zygotes?

Result in chromosomal imbalance Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of a recessive gene mutation that inhibits melanin development in individuals?

Albinism Signup and view all the answers