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Questions and Answers
What is the basic structural unit of an element?
What is the basic structural unit of an element?
Which of the following best describes ionic bonding?
Which of the following best describes ionic bonding?
What percentage of the human body is primarily made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen?
What percentage of the human body is primarily made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen?
What type of bond results from the attraction between a positive and a negative ion?
What type of bond results from the attraction between a positive and a negative ion?
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What is the primary purpose of laboratory safety procedures?
What is the primary purpose of laboratory safety procedures?
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Which of the following best describes BSL 1 organisms?
Which of the following best describes BSL 1 organisms?
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How do covalent bonds differ from ionic bonds?
How do covalent bonds differ from ionic bonds?
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What is a characteristic of water as a molecule?
What is a characteristic of water as a molecule?
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What should laboratories enforce when using open flames?
What should laboratories enforce when using open flames?
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Which statement about isotopes is correct?
Which statement about isotopes is correct?
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What is one important characteristic of lab coats required for safety?
What is one important characteristic of lab coats required for safety?
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What precaution should be taken in case a lab coat catches fire?
What precaution should be taken in case a lab coat catches fire?
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What role do buffers play in biological systems?
What role do buffers play in biological systems?
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Which type of hazards are considered when discussing laboratory safety?
Which type of hazards are considered when discussing laboratory safety?
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What is a key measure when working with BSL 4 organisms?
What is a key measure when working with BSL 4 organisms?
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What is the role of biosafety levels in laboratory settings?
What is the role of biosafety levels in laboratory settings?
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What are the basic building blocks of proteins?
What are the basic building blocks of proteins?
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Which of the following is not a type of carbohydrate?
Which of the following is not a type of carbohydrate?
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What happens to a protein during denaturation?
What happens to a protein during denaturation?
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What structure is characteristic of phospholipids?
What structure is characteristic of phospholipids?
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Which carbohydrate is classified as a disaccharide?
Which carbohydrate is classified as a disaccharide?
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Which of the following lipids serves as precursors to hormones?
Which of the following lipids serves as precursors to hormones?
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What type of bond forms between two amino acids?
What type of bond forms between two amino acids?
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Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates?
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What should you never do while in the laboratory?
What should you never do while in the laboratory?
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When should gloves be used in a laboratory setting?
When should gloves be used in a laboratory setting?
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What is an appropriate action when moving materials through common areas?
What is an appropriate action when moving materials through common areas?
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Which item should NOT be kept on the lab bench during experiments?
Which item should NOT be kept on the lab bench during experiments?
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What should you do before and after every lab experiment?
What should you do before and after every lab experiment?
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What action is considered strictly forbidden in the laboratory?
What action is considered strictly forbidden in the laboratory?
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What is a key reason for keeping hands clean in the laboratory?
What is a key reason for keeping hands clean in the laboratory?
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Which behavior is NOT acceptable during laboratory experiments?
Which behavior is NOT acceptable during laboratory experiments?
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What is the primary function of the condenser lens in a compound light microscope?
What is the primary function of the condenser lens in a compound light microscope?
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Which microscope type uses a single glass lens and requires minimal specimen preparation?
Which microscope type uses a single glass lens and requires minimal specimen preparation?
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What is the purpose of the eyepiece lens in a microscope?
What is the purpose of the eyepiece lens in a microscope?
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How is the total magnification of a microscope determined?
How is the total magnification of a microscope determined?
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In microscopy, what does 'field of view' refer to?
In microscopy, what does 'field of view' refer to?
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What characteristic differentiates a scanning electron microscope (SEM) from a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
What characteristic differentiates a scanning electron microscope (SEM) from a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
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What is a key feature of a phase contrast microscope?
What is a key feature of a phase contrast microscope?
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Which of the following components is NOT part of a compound light microscope?
Which of the following components is NOT part of a compound light microscope?
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Which of the following best defines a molecule?
Which of the following best defines a molecule?
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Ionic bonds form when atoms share electrons.
Ionic bonds form when atoms share electrons.
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What is the primary structure of the pH scale used to measure?
What is the primary structure of the pH scale used to measure?
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Water is considered a _______ molecule due to its uneven distribution of charge.
Water is considered a _______ molecule due to its uneven distribution of charge.
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What role do isotopes primarily play in biology and medicine?
What role do isotopes primarily play in biology and medicine?
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Match the bonds with their descriptions:
Match the bonds with their descriptions:
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Covalent bonds result in the formation of positive and negative ions.
Covalent bonds result in the formation of positive and negative ions.
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List the four main elements that make up over 90% of the human body.
List the four main elements that make up over 90% of the human body.
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Which of the following is a type of nucleic acid?
Which of the following is a type of nucleic acid?
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Adenine binds to cytosine in DNA.
Adenine binds to cytosine in DNA.
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What role do nucleotides play in coenzymes?
What role do nucleotides play in coenzymes?
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The technique used for precise gene editing is called _____
The technique used for precise gene editing is called _____
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Match the following nucleic acid components with their functions:
Match the following nucleic acid components with their functions:
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Which technique involves the extraction of DNA and plasmid?
Which technique involves the extraction of DNA and plasmid?
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Cytosine pairs with thymine in RNA.
Cytosine pairs with thymine in RNA.
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What is one major use of DNA microarray technology?
What is one major use of DNA microarray technology?
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The primary structure of DNA is a double _____
The primary structure of DNA is a double _____
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Which of the following describes a feature of molecular biology methods?
Which of the following describes a feature of molecular biology methods?
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What is the main purpose of DAPI in microscopy?
What is the main purpose of DAPI in microscopy?
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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) can view objects with less detail than a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) can view objects with less detail than a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
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What is the first step to focus a microscope?
What is the first step to focus a microscope?
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The optical sections are created in a laser scanning confocal microscope using a ______ to remove unwanted fluorescence.
The optical sections are created in a laser scanning confocal microscope using a ______ to remove unwanted fluorescence.
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Match the following fluorescent proteins with their corresponding color:
Match the following fluorescent proteins with their corresponding color:
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What should never be done in the laboratory?
What should never be done in the laboratory?
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It is acceptable to use gloves to touch door handles and elevator buttons in the laboratory.
It is acceptable to use gloves to touch door handles and elevator buttons in the laboratory.
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What should you do before and after every lab experiment?
What should you do before and after every lab experiment?
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You should use an ungloved hand to touch ______ surfaces when transporting materials through common areas.
You should use an ungloved hand to touch ______ surfaces when transporting materials through common areas.
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Match the following items with their appropriate safety practices:
Match the following items with their appropriate safety practices:
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Which of the following items is recommended to be stored away from the lab bench?
Which of the following items is recommended to be stored away from the lab bench?
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You are allowed to apply makeup in the laboratory.
You are allowed to apply makeup in the laboratory.
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What action is strictly forbidden in the laboratory?
What action is strictly forbidden in the laboratory?
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Never ______ in the laboratory.
Never ______ in the laboratory.
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Which practice is important to keep your hands clean in the laboratory?
Which practice is important to keep your hands clean in the laboratory?
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What should you do with long hair while working with open flames?
What should you do with long hair while working with open flames?
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Safety glasses are not required when working with UV light.
Safety glasses are not required when working with UV light.
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What type of shoes should be worn during laboratory work?
What type of shoes should be worn during laboratory work?
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In case of _____, you should immediately notify your instructor.
In case of _____, you should immediately notify your instructor.
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Match the safety equipment with its function:
Match the safety equipment with its function:
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Which of the following should chemicals be disposed of in?
Which of the following should chemicals be disposed of in?
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It is acceptable to have loose clothing while conducting laboratory procedures.
It is acceptable to have loose clothing while conducting laboratory procedures.
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What must be done with biohazardous waste?
What must be done with biohazardous waste?
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A _____ plan protects lab personnel from chemical health hazards.
A _____ plan protects lab personnel from chemical health hazards.
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What is the first action to take if there is a spill in the laboratory?
What is the first action to take if there is a spill in the laboratory?
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What is one of the main purposes of laboratory safety procedures?
What is one of the main purposes of laboratory safety procedures?
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Which type of chemical poses a significant hazard in the laboratory?
Which type of chemical poses a significant hazard in the laboratory?
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What should be prioritized when using a Bunsen burner in the lab?
What should be prioritized when using a Bunsen burner in the lab?
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Which biosafety level is most commonly used in undergraduate laboratories?
Which biosafety level is most commonly used in undergraduate laboratories?
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What is an important characteristic of lab coats?
What is an important characteristic of lab coats?
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What action should be taken if a lab coat catches fire?
What action should be taken if a lab coat catches fire?
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Which of the following is true regarding sharp tools in the laboratory?
Which of the following is true regarding sharp tools in the laboratory?
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When should laboratory personnel consider the disposal of contaminated materials?
When should laboratory personnel consider the disposal of contaminated materials?
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What is the primary reason for wearing gloves in a laboratory setting?
What is the primary reason for wearing gloves in a laboratory setting?
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Which behavior should be avoided while in the laboratory?
Which behavior should be avoided while in the laboratory?
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What items should be kept away from the lab bench to maintain cleanliness?
What items should be kept away from the lab bench to maintain cleanliness?
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What action should be taken when transporting materials through common areas?
What action should be taken when transporting materials through common areas?
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Why is it important to disinfect the lab benchtop before and after experiments?
Why is it important to disinfect the lab benchtop before and after experiments?
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Which of the following actions is strictly forbidden during laboratory work?
Which of the following actions is strictly forbidden during laboratory work?
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What should be done to ensure hands remain clean in the laboratory?
What should be done to ensure hands remain clean in the laboratory?
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Why should not putting anything in your mouth be emphasized in laboratory safety?
Why should not putting anything in your mouth be emphasized in laboratory safety?
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What should be done to secure long hair when working with open flames in the laboratory?
What should be done to secure long hair when working with open flames in the laboratory?
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What is the recommended duration for thoroughly washing your hands?
What is the recommended duration for thoroughly washing your hands?
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What safety equipment is crucial for protecting your eyes during experiments involving UV light?
What safety equipment is crucial for protecting your eyes during experiments involving UV light?
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What is the best type of footwear to wear in a laboratory setting?
What is the best type of footwear to wear in a laboratory setting?
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Which measurement system is primarily used by scientists around the world?
Which measurement system is primarily used by scientists around the world?
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What should you do if a chemical spill occurs in the lab?
What should you do if a chemical spill occurs in the lab?
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What must you do with jewelry before washing your hands?
What must you do with jewelry before washing your hands?
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Where should biohazardous waste be disposed of?
Where should biohazardous waste be disposed of?
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How many ounces are there in a pound?
How many ounces are there in a pound?
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What prefix in the SI system signifies one-millionth?
What prefix in the SI system signifies one-millionth?
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What is a primary reason for using fume hoods or biosafety cabinets in the laboratory?
What is a primary reason for using fume hoods or biosafety cabinets in the laboratory?
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What type of accidents should be reported immediately during lab work?
What type of accidents should be reported immediately during lab work?
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Which measurement system does the United States primarily use?
Which measurement system does the United States primarily use?
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Which item is NOT typically included in laboratory safety equipment?
Which item is NOT typically included in laboratory safety equipment?
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What is one of the key features of the SI system concerning its structure?
What is one of the key features of the SI system concerning its structure?
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Which method is NOT recommended for drying your hands after washing them?
Which method is NOT recommended for drying your hands after washing them?
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Which of the following items should be disposed of in a sharps container?
Which of the following items should be disposed of in a sharps container?
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What is the correct sequence for diluting concentrated acids?
What is the correct sequence for diluting concentrated acids?
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Which of these materials does NOT require sterilization after use?
Which of these materials does NOT require sterilization after use?
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What is the primary reason for keeping chemical containers closed?
What is the primary reason for keeping chemical containers closed?
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When should gloves be worn during laboratory exercises?
When should gloves be worn during laboratory exercises?
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What type of waste can be placed in a regular trash can?
What type of waste can be placed in a regular trash can?
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What happens to reusable materials that require sterilization after use?
What happens to reusable materials that require sterilization after use?
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How should chemical labels be oriented when pouring from bottles?
How should chemical labels be oriented when pouring from bottles?
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Study Notes
Types of Microscopes
- Microscopes are tools used to view tiny biological objects invisible to the naked eye.
- Different types of microscopes are available, each with unique features and applications.
- Light microscopes use light to illuminate and magnify specimens.
- Compound light microscopes use multiple lenses to magnify specimens.
- Binocular Dissecting microscopes (stereomicroscopes) provide a three-dimensional view of specimens.
- Phase contrast microscopes enhance contrast between different parts of a specimen.
- Fluorescent microscopes use fluorescent dyes to illuminate and visualize specific structures within a specimen.
- Confocal microscopes are a type of fluorescent microscope that uses lasers to scan and create images of very thin slices of a specimen.
- Electron microscopes use electrons to illuminate and magnify specimens.
- Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) create images of the internal structures of a specimen.
- Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) create images of the surface of a specimen.
Compound Light Microscope
- Compound light microscopes are the most common type used in biological research and education.
- They use two sets of lenses: objective lens and eyepiece lens.
- Light from a lamp is focused on the specimen by a condenser lens.
- The specimen is placed on a glass slide with a coverslip on top.
- The objective lens magnifies the specimen, and the eyepiece lens further magnifies the image.
- The total magnification is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the eyepiece lens.
- Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two points that are close together.
- Compound light microscopes typically have a resolution of about 0.2 micrometers.
Learning Outcomes
- Define molecular biology methods and techniques.
- Explain DNA cloning techniques.
- Describe DNA and plasmid extraction.
- Describe the CRISPR-Cas9 system.
- Describe DNA synthesis and DNA microarray.
- Explain the different types of DNA mutation.
Molecular Biology Methods
- Used to study the molecular basis of biological activity.
- Goal to isolate and analyze cellular components, exploring cells, their characteristics, and processes.
- Commonly used methods include:
- Nucleic acid methods
- Protein methods
- Immunostaining methods
Standard Practices in the Laboratory
- Gloves: Protect from contamination and chemicals, don't touch common surfaces outside of lab, use ungloved hand for common surfaces when leaving lab.
- Mouth: Don't put anything in mouth (food, drinks, chewing gum), don't pipette by mouth, avoid dangerous substance intake.
- Makeup: Don't apply makeup or adjust contact lenses.
- Benchtop: Keep clean, have only necessary lab materials, leave active experiments unattended.
- Disinfect: Benchtop before and after experiments to prevent contamination.
- Clean hands: Keep hands clean before and after lab experiments.
- Safety: Don't run in the lab, don't sit on laboratory benches.
- Unauthorized Experiments: Strictly forbidden, never work without supervision.
- Long Hair/Loose Clothing: Tie back long hair and secure loose clothing when working with open flames.
- Eye Protection: Goggles, safety glasses or face shields required when working with UV light and any procedure that could cause splashes.
- Footwear: Closed toed shoes required to protect from chemical spills and sharp objects.
- Safety Equipment: Know the location of safety equipment like eyewash, chemical shower, first aid kit, and fire extinguisher.
Laboratory Safety Equipment
- Chemical hygiene plans ensure lab worker safety from chemical hazards.
- Fume hoods or biosafety cabinets should be used as directed.
Lab Emergencies
- Notify instructor immediately for any spills, accidents, or injuries (chemical/biological spills, personal injuries, broken glass, equipment).
Biohazard Bin
- Properly labeled bins or bags for biohazardous waste (non-reusable items contaminated with infectious agents, body fluids, animal tissue).
Fluorescent Proteins and Stains
- Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP)
- Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
- DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole): Fluorescent stain that binds to adenine-thymine rich regions in DNA.
Confocal Microscopes
-
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopes (LSCM):
- Optical sections are produced by scanning the specimen point by point with a focused laser beam.
- Pinhole removes fluorescence from above and below the focal plane.
- Imaging structures at discrete levels within an intact biological specimen.
Electron Microscope
- Uses a beam of electrons magnified and focused by electron magnetics.
- Views smaller objects compared to light microscopes with greater detail.
- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): Analogous to compound light microscope.
- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): Analogous to dissecting light microscope.
- Specimen preparation is extensive, potentially introducing artifacts.
Microscope Use
- Keep both eyes open when using the microscope.
- Never touch the eyepiece with your eyelashes.
- Lowest power objective should be in position at the beginning and end of use.
- Don't clean lenses with regular paper tissue.
- Don't tilt the microscope when viewing.
- Don't remove parts of the microscope.
- Locate small objects first with the naked eye or under low power.
- Always begin focusing with the scanning power objective (4x).
Focusing the Microscope
- Lower stage with coarse adjustment knob. Place slide on stage and secure with clip.
- While looking through eyepiece, slowly raise the stage until the object comes into view.
- Fine adjustment knob sharpens focus if needed.
Laboratory Safety
- Laboratories present various hazards, including corrosive chemicals, sharp objects, and open flames.
- Microorganisms are categorized into four biosafety levels (BSL) based on their transmissibility and pathogenicity.
- BSL-1 organisms, commonly used in undergraduate labs, are generally not harmful to healthy individuals.
- BSL-4 organisms, requiring specialized labs, include highly dangerous pathogens like Marburg and hantaviruses.
- Lab coats are crucial for protecting against contamination.
- Always wear gloves to safeguard hands from chemicals and microorganisms, but avoid touching surfaces outside the lab with them.
- Never consume food, drink, or chew gum in the lab.
- Avoid applying makeup or adjusting contact lenses within the laboratory.
- Always keep the lab bench clean and organized, removing personal belongings (e.g., cell phones, bags).
- Never leave experiments unattended, especially those involving heat or reactions.
- Disinfect the lab bench before and after each experiment.
- Maintain hand hygiene before, after, and whenever contacting potential hazards.
- Never run in the laboratory.
- Do not sit on lab benches.
- Unauthorized experiments are strictly prohibited.
- Always work under supervision.
- Tie back long hair and secure loose clothing, especially when working with open flames.
- Wear goggles or face shields when using UV light or during procedures that generate aerosols or splashes.
- Wear closed-toe shoes to protect against chemical spills and sharp objects.
- Familiarize yourself with the location of safety equipment (eyewash station, chemical shower, first aid kit, fire extinguisher).
- Utilize fume hoods or biosafety cabinets as instructed.
- Report any spills, accidents, or injuries immediately to the instructor.
- Dispose of biohazardous waste (non-reusable items, animal tissue) in properly labeled bins or bags.
- Use sharps containers for broken glass, needles, scalpel blades, and other sharp objects.
- Place non-contaminated waste paper or trash in regular trash cans.
- Sterilize reusable materials in an autoclave before discarding, while non-sterile materials can be washed in the sink.
- Always keep chemical containers tightly closed to prevent vapor escape.
- Never use unmarked or unidentified reagents; consult your instructor if uncertain.
- Use appropriate carrying methods for chemicals, avoiding contact with your body.
- Always face chemical bottle labels upward when pouring to prevent damage.
- Never add chemicals to bottles other than their intended contents.
- Dilute acids by slowly pouring acid into water, stirring continuously.
- Properly dispose of chemicals according to institutional guidelines.
- Wash hands thoroughly before and after each experiment.
- Removing jewelry is important for proper handwashing.
- Apply soap and lather for at least 20 seconds, rubbing hands together thoroughly.
- Rinse hands thoroughly under running water.
- Dry hands with a clean towel or air dryer.
- The SI (International System of Units) is the standard system of measurement used by scientists.
- The SI system prefixes are based on the number 10, simplifying calculations.
- All measurements require a number and a unit.
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Description
Explore the various types of microscopes used in biology through this quiz. Test your knowledge on light, fluorescent, and electron microscopes along with their unique applications and features. Perfect for students and enthusiasts in the field of microscopy.
