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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of therapeutic assessment of a lesion?
What is the main purpose of therapeutic assessment of a lesion?
When using infiltration anesthesia, it is advised to inject local anesthesia directly into the lesion.
When using infiltration anesthesia, it is advised to inject local anesthesia directly into the lesion.
False
What type of biopsy is performed by removing a wedge-shaped specimen of the pathological tissue?
What type of biopsy is performed by removing a wedge-shaped specimen of the pathological tissue?
Incisional biopsy
Fix the tissue immediately upon removal in _____ or 70% alcohol.
Fix the tissue immediately upon removal in _____ or 70% alcohol.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of biopsy mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of biopsy mentioned?
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Match the type of biopsy with its description:
Match the type of biopsy with its description:
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A punch biopsy is commonly used in the oral cavity.
A punch biopsy is commonly used in the oral cavity.
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What should be done to avoid tearing tissues during a biopsy?
What should be done to avoid tearing tissues during a biopsy?
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What is the primary function of the condenser in a microscope?
What is the primary function of the condenser in a microscope?
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A simple microscope uses multiple lenses for magnification.
A simple microscope uses multiple lenses for magnification.
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What are the two main types of electron microscopes?
What are the two main types of electron microscopes?
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The magnification power of a simple microscope can range from _____ to _____ times.
The magnification power of a simple microscope can range from _____ to _____ times.
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Match the following components of a compound microscope with their functions:
Match the following components of a compound microscope with their functions:
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Which type of microscopy uses ultraviolet light?
Which type of microscopy uses ultraviolet light?
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The coarse adjustment is used for fine focusing at high magnifications.
The coarse adjustment is used for fine focusing at high magnifications.
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What is the role of the body tube in a compound microscope?
What is the role of the body tube in a compound microscope?
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What is the highest class in exfoliative cytology indicating positive for cancer?
What is the highest class in exfoliative cytology indicating positive for cancer?
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Exfoliative cytology is considered a reliable screening method for oral cancer.
Exfoliative cytology is considered a reliable screening method for oral cancer.
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What process is used to prevent the decomposition of tissue immediately after removal?
What process is used to prevent the decomposition of tissue immediately after removal?
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The tissue processing step that involves the use of a sharp instrument to obtain a sample is called ___ to avoid distortion.
The tissue processing step that involves the use of a sharp instrument to obtain a sample is called ___ to avoid distortion.
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Match the following classes of exfoliative cytology with their descriptions:
Match the following classes of exfoliative cytology with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a commonly used fixative?
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used fixative?
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Oral exfoliative cytology involves only the study of deep tissue samples.
Oral exfoliative cytology involves only the study of deep tissue samples.
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What is the primary goal of the fixation step in tissue processing?
What is the primary goal of the fixation step in tissue processing?
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What is the first stage of the dehydration process called?
What is the first stage of the dehydration process called?
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Xylol is used in the clearing stage because it cannot dissolve in alcohol.
Xylol is used in the clearing stage because it cannot dissolve in alcohol.
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What is the purpose of dehydration in tissue processing?
What is the purpose of dehydration in tissue processing?
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In the impregnation process, empty spaces in the tissues are filled with __________.
In the impregnation process, empty spaces in the tissues are filled with __________.
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Which type of gel is commonly used to separate DNA and RNA?
Which type of gel is commonly used to separate DNA and RNA?
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Match the following steps in tissue processing with their descriptions:
Match the following steps in tissue processing with their descriptions:
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Shorter molecules migrate further than longer ones in gel electrophoresis.
Shorter molecules migrate further than longer ones in gel electrophoresis.
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Which agent is NOT typically used during the clearing stage?
Which agent is NOT typically used during the clearing stage?
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Alcohol can be replaced directly with paraffin wax during the clearing process.
Alcohol can be replaced directly with paraffin wax during the clearing process.
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What is the primary function of probes in Southern and Northern blots?
What is the primary function of probes in Southern and Northern blots?
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What is the typical thickness for routine tissue sectioning?
What is the typical thickness for routine tissue sectioning?
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The type of gel electrophoresis that separates proteins is called __________.
The type of gel electrophoresis that separates proteins is called __________.
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What is the first step in the blotting procedure?
What is the first step in the blotting procedure?
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Match the following techniques with their primary purposes:
Match the following techniques with their primary purposes:
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Microscopes are only useful for observing large structures visible to the naked eye.
Microscopes are only useful for observing large structures visible to the naked eye.
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What must be done to immobilize molecules on the membrane after electrophoresis?
What must be done to immobilize molecules on the membrane after electrophoresis?
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Study Notes
Types of Microscope
-
Light Microscopes use visible light and include:
- Simple microscopes with one lens.
- Compound microscopes with multiple lenses.
- Specialized types such as dark field, phase contrast, polarizing, and interference microscopes.
- Fluorescence microscopy utilizes ultraviolet light.
-
Electron Microscopes utilize electron beams for higher magnification, including:
- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
- Freeze Fracture Microscopy.
Simple Microscope
- Utilizes a single convex lens for magnification.
- Magnification power typically ranges from 20X to 200X.
- Appears in devices like magnifying glasses and loupes.
Compound Microscope
- Comprises at least two double convex lenses: objective (near the sample) and eyepiece (near the eye).
- Contains several integral parts including:
- Stand: Provides stability, typically shaped like a horseshoe.
- Body: Includes the body tube, stage, sub-stage, and mirror.
- Optical System: Focuses light onto the slide using a condenser for clearer imaging.
Mechanical Adjustments
-
Focusing Mechanisms:
- Coarse adjustment screws for initial focus using lower magnifications.
- Fine adjustment screws for precise focusing with higher magnifications.
Biopsy Techniques
-
Types of Biopsy:
- Excisional (removal of entire lesion).
- Incisional (removal of a wedge-shaped tissue).
- Punch (removal using a hollow tube).
- Brush (abrading tissue surface for samples).
- Core needle (taking tissue or fluid samples).
- Exfoliative cytology (studying exfoliated cells).
Excisional Biopsy
- Entire small lesions (less than 1 cm) are excised with surrounding normal tissue.
Incisional Biopsy
- Used for larger lesions (more than 1 cm) where complete removal isn’t feasible.
Punch Biopsy
- Not typical for oral cavity lesions, involves rotational removal using a hollow tube.
Exfoliative Cytology
- Examines cells shed from the surface; classified into five classes based on malignancy likelihood.
Tissue Processing Steps
- Fixation: Prevents decomposition and stabilizes tissue structure.
- Dehydration: Removes water from tissue using ascending grades of alcohol.
- Clearing: Replaces dehydrating alcohol with a fluid (typically xylol) compatible with embedding agents.
- Impregnation: Fills tissue spaces with paraffin wax to stabilize for sectioning.
- Embedding and Blocking: Molds tissue in hardened media for slicing.
- Section Cutting: Produces thin slices for microscopic analysis.
- Routine Staining: Enhances visibility of cellular structures.
Fixation
- Key in tissue preservation; commonly used agents include formalin and alcohol.
Molecular Hybridization
- Begins with gel electrophoresis, separating DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size and charge using agarose or polyacrylamide gels.
Conclusion
- Microscopes enable the observation of microscopic organisms and structures crucial for various scientific fields.
- Understanding microscope operation and associated techniques enhances knowledge at the molecular level and is vital for ongoing advancements in science.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various types of microscopes, including light and electron microscopes. This quiz covers simple, compound, and specialized microscopy techniques. Explore different methods such as fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
