Types of Medications and Mechanisms of Action

Study Notes

Types of Medications

Medications are substances used to treat, prevent, or diagnose diseases or other conditions.
They are categorized by chemical structure, mechanism of action, therapeutic use, and dosage form.
Prescription drugs require a doctor's order for a pharmacist to fill.
Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are available without a prescription.
Some medications are controlled substances due to abuse and dependence potential.

Mechanisms of Action

Medications work in various ways to achieve therapeutic effects.
Some block specific enzymes or receptors, preventing substance action.
Others affect neurotransmitter synthesis, release, or reuptake.
Some modify cell growth or function.
Others stimulate or inhibit bodily processes like metabolism and hormone production.

Drug Safety and Efficacy

Medication safety and efficacy are rigorously evaluated before approval.
Clinical trials assess medication effectiveness and potential side effects in humans.
Drug regulations differ by region, but stringent testing and approval processes are standard.
Potential adverse effects, from mild to severe, must be considered.

Medication Administration

Medications are administered through various routes: oral, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous, topical, and inhaled.
The route affects absorption and distribution within the body.
Proper dosage and timing maximize efficacy and minimize side effects.
Patients must meticulously follow healthcare provider instructions.

Drug Interactions

Medications can interact, potentially causing adverse effects or reduced efficacy.
Some medications affect the metabolism of others, leading to increased levels or unwanted side effects.
Patients must inform healthcare providers about all medications, including OTC drugs, supplements, and herbal remedies.
Drug interactions require monitoring.

Patient Education

Patients require thorough education about their prescribed medications.
This includes the medication's use, dosage, potential side effects, and warnings.
Clear instructions on storage and administration are essential.
Patient adherence to the medication regimen should be emphasized.

Medication Storage

Proper storage maintains medication stability and potency.
Temperature, light, and humidity influence medication efficacy.
Specific storage requirements must be followed to maintain effectiveness.
Medications must be kept out of reach of children and pets.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics describes how the body handles medications (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion).
Understanding pharmacokinetics is critical for effective dosing regimens.
Factors like age, liver/kidney function, and genetics impact medication processing.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics describes how medications interact with the body to produce effects.
Understanding molecular targets and interactions is crucial.
Specific receptors are targeted, leading to varied effects.
The mechanism of action must be thoroughly understood before administration.

Description

Explore the various types of medications used to treat and prevent diseases, including prescription and OTC drugs. Understand how these medications work through different mechanisms of action to provide therapeutic effects, as well as considerations for drug safety and efficacy.