Types of Medications and Mechanisms of Action

Types of Medications

• Medications are substances used to treat, prevent, or diagnose diseases or other conditions.
• They are categorized by chemical structure, mechanism of action, therapeutic use, and dosage form.
• Prescription drugs require a doctor's order for a pharmacist to fill.
• Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are available without a prescription.
• Some medications are controlled substances due to abuse and dependence potential.

Mechanisms of Action

• Medications work in various ways to achieve therapeutic effects.
• Some block specific enzymes or receptors, preventing substance action.
• Others affect neurotransmitter synthesis, release, or reuptake.
• Some modify cell growth or function.
• Others stimulate or inhibit bodily processes like metabolism and hormone production.

Drug Safety and Efficacy

• Medication safety and efficacy are rigorously evaluated before approval.
• Clinical trials assess medication effectiveness and potential side effects in humans.
• Drug regulations differ by region, but stringent testing and approval processes are standard.
• Potential adverse effects, from mild to severe, must be considered.

Medication Administration

• Medications are administered through various routes: oral, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous, topical, and inhaled.
• The route affects absorption and distribution within the body.
• Proper dosage and timing maximize efficacy and minimize side effects.
• Patients must meticulously follow healthcare provider instructions.

Drug Interactions

• Medications can interact, potentially causing adverse effects or reduced efficacy.
• Some medications affect the metabolism of others, leading to increased levels or unwanted side effects.
• Patients must inform healthcare providers about all medications, including OTC drugs, supplements, and herbal remedies.
• Drug interactions require monitoring.

Patient Education

• Patients require thorough education about their prescribed medications.
• This includes the medication's use, dosage, potential side effects, and warnings.
• Clear instructions on storage and administration are essential.
• Patient adherence to the medication regimen should be emphasized.

Medication Storage

• Proper storage maintains medication stability and potency.
• Temperature, light, and humidity influence medication efficacy.
• Specific storage requirements must be followed to maintain effectiveness.
• Medications must be kept out of reach of children and pets.

Pharmacokinetics

• Pharmacokinetics describes how the body handles medications (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion).
• Understanding pharmacokinetics is critical for effective dosing regimens.
• Factors like age, liver/kidney function, and genetics impact medication processing.

Pharmacodynamics

• Pharmacodynamics describes how medications interact with the body to produce effects.
• Understanding molecular targets and interactions is crucial.
• Specific receptors are targeted, leading to varied effects.
• The mechanism of action must be thoroughly understood before administration.