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Questions and Answers
What is the primary use of gasoline in liquid fuels?
Which of the following is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled grease?
Which statement accurately describes kerosene?
What kind of fuel is M85?
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Which fuel is specifically produced through a fermentation process?
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How is synthetic gasoline primarily created?
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Which of the following types of fuels is stored as a liquid under pressure?
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What is synthetic diesel used for?
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What method measures viscosity by detecting changes in vibration frequency of a probe immersed in a fluid?
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Which method calculates the specific gravity of a liquid by measuring volume displacement?
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What is the flash point of a flammable liquid?
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Which viscometer uses shear stress and shear rate measurements for viscosity calculation?
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What is the specific gravity in relation to the density of water?
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Which method uses a balance to measure the mass of a liquid sample?
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What type of flash point tester is designed according to ISO13736 and IP 170?
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What is the primary application of jet fuel?
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What is the primary component of water gas?
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Which type of natural gas is created by cooling its gaseous state to a very low temperature?
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What is manufactured gas typically derived from?
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Which of the following gases is a byproduct of steel production?
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Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is stored at what pressure?
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What distinguishes biogas from other gaseous fuels?
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Which gas is primarily composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide?
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What is a common application for a Bomb Calorimeter?
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Which type of grease is specifically designed for high-pressure and high-temperature environments?
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What is the primary component that provides high-temperature stability in specialized greases?
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What is the significance of the drop point of grease?
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Which gas is primarily produced from the pyro-gasification of carbon-rich materials?
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Which type of grease is particularly resistant to washout and water corrosion?
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What does the calorific value of a fuel measure?
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Which of the following greases is known for its non-stick properties in demanding applications?
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What is the primary composition of coal gas?
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What is the primary function of moisture analyzers?
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Which method provides real-time data on gas composition?
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What type of analyzer is commonly used for measuring sulfur content in crude oil?
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What analytical technique relies on the principle of measuring the absorption of infrared radiation?
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Which of the following methods is known for measuring smoke emissions during combustion processes?
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Which of the following techniques involves the separation of components based on their affinity for a stationary phase?
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What is the primary purpose of a conductivity meter?
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What property do paramagnetic oxygen analyzers use to determine oxygen concentration?
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Study Notes
Liquid Fuels
- Liquid fuels are used primarily to power engines, generate heat, or provide energy
- Liquid fuels are in a liquid state at ambient temperatures
Types of Liquid Fuels
-
Petroleum-Based Fuels:
- Gasoline (petrol): Used in internal combustion engines in cars and motorcycles
- Diesel: Used in diesel engines found in trucks, buses, some cars, and industrial machinery
- Kerosene: Used as a fuel for jet engines (aviation fuel) and in some heating applications
- Heating oil: Similar to diesel but typically used for home heating
- LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): A mixture of propane and butane, used for heating, cooking, and as an automotive fuel
-
Biofuels:
- Biodiesel: Produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled grease, can be used in diesel engines, often blended with petroleum.
- Biobutanol: Produced through a fermentation process using microorganisms that convert sugars or other carbohydrates into butanol.
-
Synthetic Fuels:
- Synthetic gasoline: Created from synthetic processes like Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, used similarly to conventional gasoline.
- Synthetic diesel: Produced from gas-to-liquid (GTL) or coal-to-liquid (CTL) processes, used similarly to conventional diesel.
-
Renewable Fuels:
- Algae Biofuel: Renewable energy produced from algae
Density Measurement Methods
- Displacement Method (for Solids): Measures volume displacement to calculate density
- Ultrasonic Density Meter: Measures density using the speed of sound through a liquid
- Balancing Density Measurement (for Liquids): Uses a balance to measure the mass of a liquid sample and a volumetric container.
- Specific Gravity: The ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of water at a specific temperature (usually at 4 degrees Celsius)
- Specific Gravity Bottle: Similar to a pycnometer, used to measure the density of liquids
Viscosity Measurement Methods
- Vibrating Viscometer: Measures viscosity by detecting changes in the vibration frequency of a probe immersed in the fluid.
- Cone and Plate Viscometer: Measures viscosity by rotating a cone over a flat plate and measuring the shear stress and shear rate.
- Cup Viscometer (Ford Cup, Zahn Cup): Measures the time it takes for a liquid to flow out of a cup with a hole at the bottom.
- Dynamic Shear Rheometer: Measures the viscosity of materials under oscillatory shear conditions.
Flash Point and Fire Point
- Flash point: The lowest temperature at which a lubricating oil or fuel must be heated before its vapor mixed with air can ignite but not continue to burn.
- Fire point: The temperature at which a lubricant or fuel combustion will be sustained.
Lubricants
- Jet fuel: A refined petroleum product used in aircraft engines
- Acetone: A colorless, volatile liquid categorized based on its properties and uses
- Silicone Grease: Provides excellent high-temperature stability and is used in applications requiring non-reactive, non-stick lubrication
- Graphite Grease: Contains graphite for dry lubrication and is used in extreme pressure and high-temperature environments.
- Molybdenum Disulfide Grease: Contains molybdenum disulfide for lubrication.
- Water-Resistant Grease: Excellent resistance to washout and corrosion from water exposure
- Conductive Grease: Serves as a ground.
- High-Temperature Grease: Specialized lubricants designed to withstand elevated temperatures in demanding industrial applications.
- Drop Point of Grease: Also known as the melting point, indicates the temperature at which the grease begins to liquefy.
Calorific Test of Gaseous Fuel
- Calorific value: The amount of heat energy present in food or fuel, determined by the complete combustion of a specified quantity at constant pressure and in normal conditions.
Categories of Gaseous Fuels
- Gaseous Fuels: Fuels found in nature or manufactured in a gaseous state.
- Natural Gas: Fuels derived from natural gas reservoirs in the Earth's crust.
- Manufactured Gas: Fuels produced through chemical processes, often from coal or biomass.
- Biogas: Fuels produced from the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic conditions.
Types of Natural Gas
- Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): Natural gas cooled to a very low temperature to convert it into a liquid state.
- Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): Natural gas compressed to a high pressure for storage and transportation.
Other Gaseous Fuels
- Hydrogen (H₂): A clean alternative to methane, also known as natural gas. The most abundant chemical element, estimated to contribute 75% of the mass of the universe.
- Syngas (CO + H₂): Gas from non-fossil sources, produced through pyro-gasification.
- Coal Gas: Produced by heating coal in the absence of air. A mixture of methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) formed by the destructive distillation of coal.
- Water Gas: A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by alternating hot blowing a fuel layer (coke) with air and gasifying it with steam.
- Producer Gas: Obtained when coal or coke is burnt with air deficiency and a controlled amount of moisture.
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Fuel gas containing a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases, specifically propane, n-butane and isobutane.
- Coke Oven Gas: A byproduct of steel production, primarily composed of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and other hydrocarbons.
- Blast Furnace Gas: A byproduct of iron production, primarily composed of carbon monoxide and nitrogen.
- Reformed Natural Gas: A type of natural gas processed to increase its hydrogen content.
- Biogas: A gaseous fuel produced from the decomposition of organic matter in an anaerobic environment.
Flue Gas Analysis Methods
- Moisture Analyzers: Measure the moisture content in various types of samples including solids, liquids, and gases
- Sulfur Analyzers: Measure sulfur content in crude oil, natural gas, and refined products
- pH Meter: Measures acidity or alkalinity of a solution (also known as pH).
- Conductivity Meter: Measures the level of conductivity in solutions.
- Smoke Density Monitor: Monitors the smoke emission from all kinds of combustion and soot contamination of inert gas.
Chemical Methods of Flue Gas Analysis
- Fyrite Testers: Used for measuring the carbon dioxide (CO2) content in flue gases.
- Orsats: Used to determine the composition of flue gases.
- Chemical Methods: Commonly used to analyze the composition of flue gases, especially for measuring the concentrations of specific components.
Instrumental Methods of Flue Gas Analysis
- Gas Chromatography (GC): Separates components based on their affinity for a stationary phase.
- Infrared Spectroscopy (IR): Measures the absorption of infrared radiation by different gases.
- Chemiluminescence Detectors (CLD): Detects specific gases based on the light emitted during a chemical reaction.
- Paramagnetic Oxygen Analyzers: Measures oxygen concentration based on its magnetic properties.
- Electrochemical Sensors: Measures the electrical current generated by a chemical reaction between the gas and a sensor.
Sampling Methods for Flue Gas Analysis
- Isokinetic Sampling: Ensures that the gas velocity in the sampling probe matches the gas velocity in the flue duct, preventing preferential sampling of certain components.
- Grab Sampling: Single sample of flue gas collected at a specific point in time.
- Continuous Sampling: Continuously collecting and analyzing flue gas samples over time, providing real-time data on gas composition.
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Description
Explore the different types of liquid fuels, including petroleum-based and biofuels. This quiz covers their applications in powering engines, generating heat, and providing energy. Test your knowledge on gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and more!
