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Questions and Answers
What is the primary use of gasoline as a liquid fuel?
What is the primary use of gasoline as a liquid fuel?
- Used as a fuel for jet engines.
- Used in diesel engines.
- Used for home heating.
- Primarily used in internal combustion engines in cars and motorcycles. (correct)
How is biodiesel primarily produced?
How is biodiesel primarily produced?
- From vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled grease. (correct)
- From synthetic gasoline processes.
- From crude oil.
- From coal and natural gas.
Which type of fuel is typically used as aviation fuel?
Which type of fuel is typically used as aviation fuel?
- Propane.
- Biodiesel.
- Kerosene. (correct)
- Heating oil.
What characterizes LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)?
What characterizes LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)?
Which of the following is a key feature of synthetic fuels?
Which of the following is a key feature of synthetic fuels?
What type of fuel is biobutanol derived from?
What type of fuel is biobutanol derived from?
What is a notable application of methane?
What is a notable application of methane?
Which of the following statements about renewable fuels is true?
Which of the following statements about renewable fuels is true?
What is cellulosic ethanol primarily made from?
What is cellulosic ethanol primarily made from?
Which statement correctly describes biofuels?
Which statement correctly describes biofuels?
Which of the following is a characteristic of butane?
Which of the following is a characteristic of butane?
What is the purpose of a viscometer?
What is the purpose of a viscometer?
Which viscometer measures viscosity by rotating a spindle in the fluid?
Which viscometer measures viscosity by rotating a spindle in the fluid?
What is specifically measured by a hydrometer?
What is specifically measured by a hydrometer?
Which device provides more precise measurements of density using oscillation tubes?
Which device provides more precise measurements of density using oscillation tubes?
What is the main use of naphtha in industry?
What is the main use of naphtha in industry?
What is the primary function of a Vibrating Viscometer?
What is the primary function of a Vibrating Viscometer?
Which method is used to determine the density of a liquid utilizing sound waves?
Which method is used to determine the density of a liquid utilizing sound waves?
What does the Flash Point of a substance indicate?
What does the Flash Point of a substance indicate?
What is specific gravity defined as?
What is specific gravity defined as?
Which viscometer measures viscosity by rotating a cone over a flat plate?
Which viscometer measures viscosity by rotating a cone over a flat plate?
What is the purpose of a Cup Viscometer?
What is the purpose of a Cup Viscometer?
In which application is a Fire Point relevant?
In which application is a Fire Point relevant?
Which substance is classified as a volatile liquid with various properties and uses?
Which substance is classified as a volatile liquid with various properties and uses?
What is the primary use of butylene (C₄H₈)?
What is the primary use of butylene (C₄H₈)?
Which device can measure the calorific value of gaseous fuels?
Which device can measure the calorific value of gaseous fuels?
What type of spectroscopy analyzes the chemical composition of gases?
What type of spectroscopy analyzes the chemical composition of gases?
What are briquettes primarily made from?
What are briquettes primarily made from?
What process is used to obtain charcoal?
What process is used to obtain charcoal?
What is petroleum coke derived from?
What is petroleum coke derived from?
Which type of fuel is considered a fossil fuel?
Which type of fuel is considered a fossil fuel?
Which device can measure the heat released during combustion processes?
Which device can measure the heat released during combustion processes?
What type of biogas is derived from biodegradable organic materials that are continuously replenished?
What type of biogas is derived from biodegradable organic materials that are continuously replenished?
Which technique is used to separate and detect chemical components of a sample mixture?
Which technique is used to separate and detect chemical components of a sample mixture?
Which type of calorimeter uses oxygen instead of air to ensure complete combustion?
Which type of calorimeter uses oxygen instead of air to ensure complete combustion?
Which biogas is not considered a renewable resource due to its consumption of finite reserves?
Which biogas is not considered a renewable resource due to its consumption of finite reserves?
What is emitted by a burning fuel and measured to determine calorific value with an Infrared Analyzer?
What is emitted by a burning fuel and measured to determine calorific value with an Infrared Analyzer?
Which byproduct of incomplete combustion can be used as a fuel?
Which byproduct of incomplete combustion can be used as a fuel?
What type of gas is Regasified Liquefied Natural Gas (RLNG) transformed back into?
What type of gas is Regasified Liquefied Natural Gas (RLNG) transformed back into?
Which calorimeter is specifically designed to minimize heat loss during calorimetric measurements?
Which calorimeter is specifically designed to minimize heat loss during calorimetric measurements?
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Study Notes
Liquid Fuels
- Common Liquid Fuels:
- Petroleum-Based: Gasoline, Diesel, Kerosene, Heating Oil, LPG
- Biofuels/Alcohol Fuels: Ethanol, Biodiesel, Biobutanol
- Synthetic Fuels: Synthetic Gasoline, Synthetic Diesel
- Renewable Fuels: Algae Biofuel, Cellulosic Ethanol
- Specialty Fuels: Rocket Fuels (LOX & hydrocarbons, e.g., RP-1), Naphtha
- Liquid Fuel Properties:
- Density: Mass per unit volume. Measured using various tools (Hydrometer, Pycnometer, Digital Density Meter etc.). Specific Gravity is the ratio of liquid density to water density.
- Viscosity: Resistance to flow. Measured using various devices (Viscometer, Capillary Viscometer, Rotational Viscometer, Falling Sphere Viscometer etc.).
- Flash Point: Lowest temperature at which the fuel's vapor ignites but does not sustain combustion.
- Fire Point: Temperature at which combustion is sustained.
Biogases
- Renewable Biogas: Produced from organic materials like agricultural waste, sewage, landfill gas.
- Fossil Biogas: Derived from fossil fuels - coal, oil through pyrolysis. It is non-renewable.
- Regasified Liquefied Natural Gas (RLNG): Conversion of liquid natural gas back to a gaseous state.
- Other biogases: Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ethylene (C₂H₄), Propylene (C₃H₆), Butylene (C₄H₈), Gasoline Vapor.
Calorific Testing of Gaseous Fuels
- Calorific Value: The amount of heat released when a fuel is burned completely.
- Methods for Calorific Testing:
- Continuous Flow Calorimeter: Measures heat in a continuous flow of fuel.
- Gas Chromatography: Separates and detects chemical components in a gas mixture.
- Infrared Analyzer: Measures infrared radiation emitted by burning fuel.
- Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter: Uses oxygen for complete combustion.
- Adiabatic Calorimeter: Minimizes heat loss to the surroundings.
- Modern Calorific Testing Techniques:
- Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Estimates calorific value based on elemental composition.
- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Calculates calorific value based on combustible component presence.
Solid Fuels
- Types of Solid Fuels:
- Fossil Fuels: Coal, coal products, natural gas, crude oil, petroleum products, non-renewable wastes.
- Biomass: Wood, Briquettes, Charcoal, Biochar, Hexamine fuel tablets, Petroleum coke.
- Properties: Combustion releases energy in the form of heat and light.
Solid Fuel Properties
- Pellet Fuels: Made from compressed organic material.
- Wood: Structural tissue of trees.
- Briquettes: Compressed recycled wood waste.
- Charcoal: Carbonized wood.
- Biochar: Produced by burning biomass, often from waste materials.
- Hexamine Fuel Tablet: Solid fuel in tablet form.
- Petroleum Coke: Carbon-rich solid residue from oil refining.
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