Liquid Fuels and Biogases Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of gasoline as a liquid fuel?

Used as a fuel for jet engines.

Used in diesel engines.

Used for home heating.

Primarily used in internal combustion engines in cars and motorcycles. (correct)

How is biodiesel primarily produced?

From vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled grease. (correct)

From synthetic gasoline processes.

From crude oil.

From coal and natural gas.

Which type of fuel is typically used as aviation fuel?

Propane.

Biodiesel.

Kerosene. (correct)

Heating oil.

What characterizes LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)?

It is a mixture of propane and butane stored under pressure. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of synthetic fuels?

Created using processes like Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of fuel is biobutanol derived from?

Fermentation of sugars or carbohydrates. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable application of methane?

Employed mainly for heating and cooking. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about renewable fuels is true?

Algae biofuel is produced from aquatic plants. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is cellulosic ethanol primarily made from?

Cellulose fibers in plants (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes biofuels?

They are a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of butane?

Used in portable stoves and lighters (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a viscometer?

To measure the viscosity of fluids (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which viscometer measures viscosity by rotating a spindle in the fluid?

Rotational Viscometer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is specifically measured by a hydrometer?

Relative density of liquids (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which device provides more precise measurements of density using oscillation tubes?

Digital Density Meter (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of naphtha in industry?

As a solvent and in petrochemical production (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Vibrating Viscometer?

Detects changes in vibration frequency to measure viscosity (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to determine the density of a liquid utilizing sound waves?

Ultrasonic Density Meter (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Flash Point of a substance indicate?

The lowest temperature at which vapors ignite but do not sustain burning (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is specific gravity defined as?

The ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of water at a specific temperature (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which viscometer measures viscosity by rotating a cone over a flat plate?

Cone and Plate Viscometer (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Cup Viscometer?

To measure the time for a liquid to flow out of a cup (B) Signup and view all the answers

In which application is a Fire Point relevant?

Sustaining combustion of a fuel or lubricant (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is classified as a volatile liquid with various properties and uses?

Acetone (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of butylene (C₄H₈)?

As a fuel (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which device can measure the calorific value of gaseous fuels?

Portable Gas Calorimeter (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of spectroscopy analyzes the chemical composition of gases?

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are briquettes primarily made from?

Recycled wood waste (A) Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to obtain charcoal?

Carbonization (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is petroleum coke derived from?

Oil refining (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fuel is considered a fossil fuel?

Natural gas (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which device can measure the heat released during combustion processes?

Automated Calorimeter (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of biogas is derived from biodegradable organic materials that are continuously replenished?

Renewable Biogas (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to separate and detect chemical components of a sample mixture?

Gas Chromatography (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of calorimeter uses oxygen instead of air to ensure complete combustion?

Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which biogas is not considered a renewable resource due to its consumption of finite reserves?

Fossil Biogas (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is emitted by a burning fuel and measured to determine calorific value with an Infrared Analyzer?

Infrared Radiation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which byproduct of incomplete combustion can be used as a fuel?

Carbon Monoxide (CO) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of gas is Regasified Liquefied Natural Gas (RLNG) transformed back into?

Gaseous state (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which calorimeter is specifically designed to minimize heat loss during calorimetric measurements?

Adiabatic Calorimeter (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Liquid Fuels

Common Liquid Fuels:
- Petroleum-Based: Gasoline, Diesel, Kerosene, Heating Oil, LPG
- Biofuels/Alcohol Fuels: Ethanol, Biodiesel, Biobutanol
- Synthetic Fuels: Synthetic Gasoline, Synthetic Diesel
- Renewable Fuels: Algae Biofuel, Cellulosic Ethanol
- Specialty Fuels: Rocket Fuels (LOX & hydrocarbons, e.g., RP-1), Naphtha
Liquid Fuel Properties:
- Density: Mass per unit volume. Measured using various tools (Hydrometer, Pycnometer, Digital Density Meter etc.). Specific Gravity is the ratio of liquid density to water density.
- Viscosity: Resistance to flow. Measured using various devices (Viscometer, Capillary Viscometer, Rotational Viscometer, Falling Sphere Viscometer etc.).
Flash Point: Lowest temperature at which the fuel's vapor ignites but does not sustain combustion.
Fire Point: Temperature at which combustion is sustained.

Biogases

Renewable Biogas: Produced from organic materials like agricultural waste, sewage, landfill gas.
Fossil Biogas: Derived from fossil fuels - coal, oil through pyrolysis. It is non-renewable.
Regasified Liquefied Natural Gas (RLNG): Conversion of liquid natural gas back to a gaseous state.
Other biogases: Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ethylene (C₂H₄), Propylene (C₃H₆), Butylene (C₄H₈), Gasoline Vapor.

Calorific Testing of Gaseous Fuels

Calorific Value: The amount of heat released when a fuel is burned completely.
Methods for Calorific Testing:
- Continuous Flow Calorimeter: Measures heat in a continuous flow of fuel.
- Gas Chromatography: Separates and detects chemical components in a gas mixture.
- Infrared Analyzer: Measures infrared radiation emitted by burning fuel.
- Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter: Uses oxygen for complete combustion.
- Adiabatic Calorimeter: Minimizes heat loss to the surroundings.
Modern Calorific Testing Techniques:
- Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Estimates calorific value based on elemental composition.
- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Calculates calorific value based on combustible component presence.

Solid Fuels

Types of Solid Fuels:
- Fossil Fuels: Coal, coal products, natural gas, crude oil, petroleum products, non-renewable wastes.
- Biomass: Wood, Briquettes, Charcoal, Biochar, Hexamine fuel tablets, Petroleum coke.
Properties: Combustion releases energy in the form of heat and light.

Solid Fuel Properties

Pellet Fuels: Made from compressed organic material.
Wood: Structural tissue of trees.
Briquettes: Compressed recycled wood waste.
Charcoal: Carbonized wood.
Biochar: Produced by burning biomass, often from waste materials.
Hexamine Fuel Tablet: Solid fuel in tablet form.
Petroleum Coke: Carbon-rich solid residue from oil refining.

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Description

Explore the varieties and properties of liquid fuels including petroleum-based, biofuels, synthetic fuels, and renewable options. Understand crucial characteristics such as density, viscosity, flash point, and fire point. Additionally, learn about renewable biogas production from organic materials.