Types of Lamps and Lighting

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Questions and Answers

Which type of incandescent lamp bulb has a hemispherical silver bowl opposite the base?

A R63 Bulb (correct)

ER Bulb

G Bulb

S Bulb

What is a disadvantage of incandescent lamps?

They are cheaper

They have an instant start and restart

They have good color

They produce more heat than light (correct)

For what type of usage are incandescent lamps suitable due to their energy characteristics?

Infrequent or short-duration usage (correct)

High-energy efficiency setups

High-cost lighting

Continuous long-duration usage

What is an advantage of incandescent lamps?

Simple and compact installation Signup and view all the answers

Which gas can be used in tungsten-halogen lamps under high-temperature conditions?

Bromine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bulb is globe-shaped for low-brightness exposed use?

G Bulb Signup and view all the answers

What does 'R' stand for in soft glass floodlights?

Reflector Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use for a J Type bulb?

Security lighting Signup and view all the answers

What material is used for PAR floodlights to make them weather resistant?

Aluminized reflector Signup and view all the answers

What type of halogen bulb should not come in contact with bare skin due to potential damage to the bulb?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

For what purpose is the JDR type commonly used?

Track lighting Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes G9 JCD bulbs from other sizes?

They use loops instead of pins Signup and view all the answers

Why is the JDD type bulb surrounded by glass?

To protect the filament Signup and view all the answers

Which types of floodlights are indoor use only?

Soft glass types Signup and view all the answers

What is an MR bulb primarily used for?

Flood lights and projectors Signup and view all the answers

Which gas is commonly found in a PL Lamp?

Argon Signup and view all the answers

Which fluorescent bulb shape is described as doughnut-shaped?

Circline Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fluorescent lamp requires a starter for operation?

Pre-heat Signup and view all the answers

What substance inside a PL Lamp emits ultraviolet light when excited?

Phosphor Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Instant-start lamps from Pre-heat lamps?

They use a high-voltage pulse to start Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a standard diameter for a fluorescent bulb?

2 inches Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ballast in fluorescent lamps?

To regulate the flow of power Signup and view all the answers

What type of lamp has the capability to be electrically dimmed or flashed?

Rapid Start Signup and view all the answers

Which auxiliary equipment is required for the operation of some fluorescent tubes?

Automatic Switch or Starter Signup and view all the answers

Which type of compact fluorescent lamp is designed to closely mimic the appearance of an incandescent bulb?

Incandescent Shaped Signup and view all the answers

Which type of compact fluorescent lamp is most suitable for fixtures that require a long and narrow light bulb?

Tube Signup and view all the answers

What purpose does the ballast serve in fluorescent light sources?

Provides initial high voltage and limits current Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of instant-start fluorescent lamps?

They start without preheating electrodes Signup and view all the answers

What type of compact fluorescent lamp is most often used for decorative purposes such as in bathroom vanity fixtures?

Globe Signup and view all the answers

What is an attribute of rapid-start lamps?

Can be dimmed electrically Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the filament in an incandescent lamp?

To emit light when heated Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bulb is standard for general-service incandescent lamps?

A Bulb Signup and view all the answers

What prevents the filament in an incandescent lamp from being destroyed by oxidation?

The glass enclosure Signup and view all the answers

Which bulb type is suitable for decorative purposes in low-wattage applications?

CA Bulb Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the lamp base in an incandescent lamp?

To connect to a holder Signup and view all the answers

Which bulb types contain an internal reflector to direct light?

R Bulb and PAR Bulb Signup and view all the answers

Which bulb type is cone-shaped for low-wattage general-service incandescent lamps?

B Bulb Signup and view all the answers

Which part of an incandescent lamp is primarily responsible for producing light?

Filament Signup and view all the answers

What type of lamp primarily contains mercury vapor in a sealed, clear or phosphor-coated, tubular, quartz arc tube?

Mercury Vapor Lamps Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lamp is ideal for both indoor and outdoor lighting applications?

Metal Halide Lamps Signup and view all the answers

What materials are typically added to the arc tube of metal halide lamps to act as phosphors?

Sodium and Thallium Signup and view all the answers

What type of lamp is primarily used in limited industrial areas, manufacturing plants, and warehouses?

Mercury Vapor Lamps Signup and view all the answers

In metal halide lamps, which rare earth halides can be found that emit light when excited by the discharge current?

Thallium and Indium Signup and view all the answers

What material is the arc tube of High Pressure Sodium Lamps made of?

High-density polycrystalline alumina Signup and view all the answers

Which lighting technology uses Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)?

Solid State Lighting Signup and view all the answers

What is a luminaire also called?

Lighting fixture Signup and view all the answers

What device in a luminaire is designed to control the distribution of light emitted by a lamp?

Reflector Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lighting fixture can be raised or lowered by a flexible cord?

Droplight Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a diffuser in a luminaire?

To filter glare and distribute light over an extended area Signup and view all the answers

Which type of material is commonly used to make a lens in a luminaire?

Glass or Plastic Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light fixture commonly has branched supports for a number of lamps?

Chandelier Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of high-bay lights?

Illuminating spaces with high ceilings Signup and view all the answers

Which factor defines the light emanating from the object being viewed?

Brightness Signup and view all the answers

What type of glare is described as an annoying brightness in the normal field of vision?

Direct glare Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of glare is considered more serious and difficult to control?

Indirect glare Signup and view all the answers

What does 'diffuseness' refer to in lighting design?

The control of shadows cast by light Signup and view all the answers

What is visual oddities’ primary purpose in lighting?

To offer aesthetic stimulation and amusement Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the intensity of light per unit area?

Illumination Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'electric illumination' specifically refer to?

Man-made lighting Signup and view all the answers

What does 'quantity of light' refer to in lighting design?

The amount of illumination or luminous flux per unit area Signup and view all the answers

What is not considered a factor that affects illumination?

Air pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms are related to the quality of light in a lighting installation?

Glare Signup and view all the answers

What does the unit footcandle measure?

Illuminance Signup and view all the answers

A luminous flux of a light source is measured in which unit?

Lumen Signup and view all the answers

Which unit is used to measure luminous intensity?

Candela Signup and view all the answers

One footcandle is approximately equivalent to how many lux?

10.764 lux Signup and view all the answers

What does the SI derived unit 'lux' measure?

Illuminance Signup and view all the answers

Which light source typically provides approximately 3000-10000 footcandles?

Direct sunlight Signup and view all the answers

In which context is the unit 'candela' most appropriately used?

To measure the luminous power emitted in a specific direction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light fixture is commonly used to bathe a wall in an even stream of light?

Wall Washers Signup and view all the answers

Which lighting option is typically freestanding and used to accentuate interiors by sending light upwards?

Uplights Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light is a flexible and adjustable luminaire that directs light in a controlled beam?

Spotlights Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a prismatic lens in troffer lights?

To distribute light over a spectrum and a larger surface area Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light fixture is described as essential for task lighting and provides a concentrated, directional light to a specific area?

Desk Lamps Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light fixture is typically recessed or semi-recessed into the ceiling to provide directional light in a downward stream?

Downlights Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light fixture can be used to provide both general and accent lighting and is very popular in both these roles?

Table Lamps Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light fixture is characterized by a rigid flexible tape with exposed low-voltage light sources?

Strip Lighting Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Lamps

Incandescent Lamps: produce light by heating a filament until it incandesces
- Parts: bulb, filament, lamp base
- Bulb shapes: A, B, CA, PAR, R, ER, A R63, G, PS, S
- Advantages: cheap, instant start, simple installation, can be fused
- Disadvantages: low luminous efficacy, short life, sensitive to voltage and frequency, high maintenance cost
- Applications: infrequent or short-duration usage, low-cost requirements

Tungsten-Halogen Lamps

Use a halogen gas to extend the life of the filament
Types: Floodlights, J, JC, JCD, JDD, JDR
Characteristics: high intensity, directional light

Gaseous Discharge Lamps

Fluorescent Lamps: use electricity to excite a gas, which produces light
- Types: MR, PL, T8, T12, Circline, U-bent
- Characteristics: long life, low energy consumption, requires ballast
- Classifications: by shape, by method of tube operation
Compact Fluorescent Lamps: designed to fit into incandescent lamp spaces
- Types: Spiral, Incandescent Shaped, Globe, Tube
- Characteristics: long life, low energy consumption

High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

Mercury Vapor Lamps: use mercury vapor to produce light
- Characteristics: primarily used for industrial areas
Metal Halide Lamps: use metal halides to produce light
- Characteristics: used for both indoor and outdoor lighting
High Pressure Sodium Lamps: use high-pressure sodium vapor to produce light
- Characteristics: newest addition to the HID field

Solid State Lighting (SSL)

Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs): use semiconductors to produce light
- Characteristics: reduced heat generation, long life, energy-efficient

Luminaires

Reflector: a surface for reflecting light
Lens: a transparent material for controlling light distribution
Diffuser: a translucent material for filtering glare
Louver: a grid type of optical assembly for controlling light distribution

Families of Light Fixtures

Suspended Ceiling Lights: suspended from the ceiling
- Types: Chandelier, Droplight, Pendant
Wall Lights: mounted on the wall
- Types: Sconce, Wall Washer, Ceiling Light, Downlight
Floor Lamps: freestanding lamps
- Types: Table Lamp, Desk Lamp, Strip Lighting

Principles of Illumination

Brightness: the intensity of light per unit area
Contrast: the difference in brightness between an object and its background
Glare: excessive luminance ratio in the field of vision
Direct Glare: annoying brightness in the normal field of vision
Indirect Glare: reflected glare from a glossy surface
Diffuseness: the control of shadows cast by light

Lighting Design

A combination of applied art and applied science
Factors to consider: quantity of light, brightness, contrast, glare, diffuseness
Good design stems from a fusion of knowledge of current technology and years of background experience### Quality of Light
Quality of light deals with characteristics of light except quantity
Important aspects of quality of light include:
- Brightness
- Color
- Aesthetics
- Glare
- Psychological Reaction
- Economics

Illumination Planning

Units of Measurement

Foot-candle: non-SI unit of measurement, basic method of measuring light, equivalent to amount of light thrown by a candle on an object at a distance of one foot
Lux: SI derived unit of illuminance, measures intensity of light generated by one candle that falls on one square foot of surface from a distance of one meter away
Lumen: international unit of luminous flux in the International System of Units (SI), measures total quantity of visible light emitted by a source per unit of time
Candela: SI base unit of luminous intensity, measures luminous power emitted by a light source in a particular direction