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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of innate immunity?
What is the main purpose of innate immunity?
- To enhance the clonal expansion of lymphocytes
- To create memory cells for future infections
- To specifically target pathogens using antibodies
- To immediately prevent the spread and movement of foreign pathogens (correct)
What type of immunity is described as non-specific and present at birth?
What type of immunity is described as non-specific and present at birth?
- Acquired immunity
- Adaptive immunity
- Innate immunity (correct)
- Passive immunity
Which cells are primarily involved in innate immunity?
Which cells are primarily involved in innate immunity?
- B lymphocytes and plasma cells
- Natural killer cells and titers
- Macrophages and neutrophils (correct)
- T lymphocytes and dendritic cells
What is the role of physical and chemical barriers in innate immunity?
What is the role of physical and chemical barriers in innate immunity?
What does adaptive immunity have that allows for antigenic specificity?
What does adaptive immunity have that allows for antigenic specificity?
What is meant by clonal expansion in the context of adaptive immunity?
What is meant by clonal expansion in the context of adaptive immunity?
How does the immune system distinguish between body cells and pathogens?
How does the immune system distinguish between body cells and pathogens?
Which statement accurately describes white blood cells in the context of innate immunity?
Which statement accurately describes white blood cells in the context of innate immunity?
What is the timeline for the first line of defense response?
What is the timeline for the first line of defense response?
Which of the following cells are considered part of the first line of defense in the immune system?
Which of the following cells are considered part of the first line of defense in the immune system?
What type of immunity is considered to have a learning process and memory capability?
What type of immunity is considered to have a learning process and memory capability?
Which of these describes the antigen dependency of the first line of defense?
Which of these describes the antigen dependency of the first line of defense?
Which physiological barrier is associated with the stomach?
Which physiological barrier is associated with the stomach?
What is a characteristic feature of humoral immune response?
What is a characteristic feature of humoral immune response?
Which line of defense is characterized by cells like T and B lymphocytes?
Which line of defense is characterized by cells like T and B lymphocytes?
What feature does adaptive immunity NOT have?
What feature does adaptive immunity NOT have?
What is the primary cause of Mycoplasma Pneumonia?
What is the primary cause of Mycoplasma Pneumonia?
Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?
Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?
What defines Nosocomial Pneumonia?
What defines Nosocomial Pneumonia?
What is the mode of transmission for respiratory infections like pneumonia?
What is the mode of transmission for respiratory infections like pneumonia?
Which type of pneumonia is often associated with the bacterium Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?
Which type of pneumonia is often associated with the bacterium Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?
What characterizes Segmental Pneumonia?
What characterizes Segmental Pneumonia?
What type of pneumonia typically occurs in the first 48 hours after hospitalization in a community setting?
What type of pneumonia typically occurs in the first 48 hours after hospitalization in a community setting?
Which of the following is an example of Passive Artificially Acquired Immunity?
Which of the following is an example of Passive Artificially Acquired Immunity?
Study Notes
Types of Immunity
- Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense, present from birth, and non-specific.
- Adaptive immunity develops after exposure to a pathogen, is specific, and has the ability to remember the pathogen.
Innate Immunity
- Functions: Prevents the spread of foreign pathogens and provides an immediate response.
- Cells involved: Macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells.
- Physical and chemical barriers: Skin, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, and secretions.
- Time line: Immediate response (0-96 hours).
Adaptive Immunity
- Functions: Learns and adapts to recognize specific pathogens and develops immunity.
- Cells involved: T and B lymphocytes.
- Time line: Long-term (>96 hours).
- Process: Clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes.
- Antigen specificity: Adaptive immunity can recognize specific antigens through unique molecular structures known as epitopes.
Types of Acquired Immunity
- Naturally acquired immunity: Develops through natural exposure to a pathogen.
- Active naturally acquired immunity (ANAI): Exposure to a pathogen triggers the body’s immune system, conferring sustained immunity.
- Passive naturally acquired immunity (PNAI): Antibodies are transferred from mother to child through the placenta or breast milk.
- Artificially acquired immunity: Develops through exposure to a pathogen in a controlled manner, such as vaccination.
- Active artificially acquired immunity (AAAI): Vaccination with a weakened or inactive form of the pathogen.
- Passive artificially acquired immunity (PAAI): Injection of pre-formed antibodies from another person or animal.
Physical Barriers
- Function: Prevent the entry of pathogens into the body.
- Organs and secretions: Skin, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and gastrointestinal tract.
Physiological Barriers
- Function: Help to create an unfavorable environment for pathogens.
- Examples: Gastric acid in the stomach, saliva from salivary glands.
Cellular Barriers
- Function: Immune cells of the body (WBCs) that defend the body against pathogens.
Pneumonia
- Definition: A lung infection that affects the alveoli, the air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
- Types:
- Mycoplasma pneumonia: Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, most common in older children and young adults.
- Viral pneumonia: Caused by influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, cytomegalovirus, and coronavirus.
- Pseudomonas pneumonia: Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, commonly affects debilitated patients.
- Classification:
- Community Acquired Pneumonia: Infections acquired in the community within the first 48 hours of hospitalization.
- Hospital Acquired Pneumonia: Infections acquired in the hospital setting more than 48 hours after admission. Also known as nosocomial pneumonia.
Pneumonia Classification by Lung Involvement
- Segmental pneumonia: A localized infection affecting one or more segments of the lung.
- Other lung involvement: Pneumonia can affect various areas of the lungs; additional classification needs further clarification.
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Description
Explore the two main types of immunity: innate and adaptive. Understand their functions, cells involved, and how they respond to pathogens. This quiz will help you differentiate between these crucial immune responses.
