Types of Hosts and Parasites
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Questions and Answers

What is the infective stage of Schistosoma species?

  • Cysticercus
  • Miracidium
  • Cercariae (correct)
  • Egg

Which clinical symptom is associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection?

  • Abdominal pain
  • Frequent motion
  • Dyspnea
  • Terminal haematuria (correct)

Which method is NOT a direct diagnostic method for Schistosoma species?

  • Bladder biopsy
  • Rectal biopsy
  • Egg detection in stool or urine
  • Eosinophilia test (correct)

What is the treatment of choice for schistosomiasis?

<p>Praziquantel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definitive host of Hymenolepis nana?

<p>Humans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Taenia saginata?

<p>Definitive host is man (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What resembles the eggs concerning the size and shape of Schistosoma species?

<p>150x60 µm, oval (B), 140x60 µm, oval (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of Hymenolepis nana eggs?

<p>35-45 µm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with the escape of eggs in stool for Schistosoma mansoni?

<p>Dysentery with blood and mucus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical symptom of heavy Hymenolepis nana infection?

<p>Vision loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do humans become infected with Schistosoma species?

<p>Penetration of cercariae through skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment of choice for Hymenolepis nana infections?

<p>Praziquantel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way humans can accidentally become infected with Hymenolepis nana?

<p>Ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hymenolepis diminuta primarily infects which type of host?

<p>Rats and mice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape do Hymenolepis diminuta eggs have?

<p>Oval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important method to prevent the spread of hymenolepiasis?

<p>Handwashing with soap and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can result from heavy infections of Trichuris in children?

<p>Rectal prolapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of anemia may result from continuous blood loss due to certain infections?

<p>Microcytic hypochromic anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is the infective stage of Ancylostoma duodenale?

<p>Third stage filariform larva (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of infection for Ancylostoma duodenale?

<p>Active skin penetration by filariform larvae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of response occurs during the pulmonary stage of Ancylostomiasis?

<p>Verminous pneumonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the eggs from Ancylostoma duodenale?

<p>60 x 40 μm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to prevent Ancylostomiasis infections?

<p>Using human feces as fertilizer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is NOT commonly used for Trichuris infections?

<p>Ivermectin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus?

<p>Egg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical symptom is NOT associated with Hymenolepiasis diminuta during heavy infection?

<p>Weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of layer does a hydatid cyst have on the outer layer?

<p>Laminated non-cellular layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is used for managing infections caused by Echinococcus granulosus?

<p>Surgical removal of the cyst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of hydatid cysts typically found in infected individuals?

<p>1-10 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complications can arise from the spontaneous rupture of hydatid cysts?

<p>Severe allergic reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common diagnostic method for hydatid disease?

<p>Ultrasound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color are the eggs of Echinococcus granulosus?

<p>Yellowish brown (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hosts serves as the definitive host for Trichinella spiralis?

<p>Humans, rats, and pigs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the infective stage of Trichinella spiralis?

<p>Encysted larvae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms occur during the intestinal phase of trichinosis?

<p>Anorexia, nausea, and diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used for the direct laboratory diagnosis of trichinosis?

<p>Muscle biopsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main clinical picture associated with Enterobius vermicularis infection?

<p>Pruritus ani (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does human acquisition of Enterobius vermicularis typically occur?

<p>Self-inoculation through hand transfer of eggs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective method for preventing trichinosis infection?

<p>Freezing meat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape are the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis?

<p>Elongated ovoid, planoconvex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the NIH Swab Method in laboratory diagnosis?

<p>To collect specimens from contaminated surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should swabs for egg detection be taken to ensure accuracy?

<p>In the morning before defecation or bathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for all household members simultaneously?

<p>Mebendazole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the microfilaria diagnostic stage of Wuchereria bancrofti?

<p>Has a free tail devoid of nuclei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the time of day when filarial microfilariae are predominantly found in the blood?

<p>Microfilarial periodicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main habitat for adult Wuchereria bancrofti?

<p>Lymphatic system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to directly visualize adult worms in lymphatic vessels?

<p>Ultrasonography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vectors is considered an intermediate host for Wuchereria bancrofti?

<p>Culex species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cercariae

The stage of Schistosoma infection where the parasite penetrates the skin.

Egg

The stage of Schistosoma infection where the eggs are found in either stool or urine.

Stage of Migration

The stage of Schistosoma infection where the parasite migrates to the lungs, causing inflammation and symptoms.

Eosinophilia

The presence of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the blood, often associated with parasitic infections.

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Anaemia

The presence of abnormally low red blood cell count, often due to chronic blood loss or nutritional deficiencies.

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Terminal Haematuria

The presence of blood in urine, usually due to irritation of the bladder lining.

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Definitive Host

The stage of life cycle of Taenia saginata where the parasite lives in the intestines of humans.

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Intermediate Host

The stage of life cycle of Taenia saginata where the parasite resides within an infected cow.

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Trichuriasis

Infection with Trichuris trichiura. Symptoms include diarrhea, dysentery, bloody diarrhea, cramps, and tenesmus.

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Rectal Prolapse

A common symptom of Trichuriasis, where the rectum protrudes out, often seen in children with heavy infections.

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Stool Examination

An examination of stool samples to detect eggs of the parasite.

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Filariform Larva Penetration

The active stage of Ancylostoma duodenale infection. The filariform larvae penetrate the skin, causing a skin irritation.

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Verminous Pneumonia

A type of pneumonia caused by a parasitic infection, specifically by the migration of Ancylostoma duodenale larvae through the lungs.

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Ancylostomiasis

An infection caused by Ancylostoma duodenale.

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Hypoproteinemia

A condition where the body has lower than normal protein levels in the blood, often caused by chronic blood loss, as seen in hookworm infections.

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Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm)

The most common tapeworm infection in humans, especially children, residing in the small intestine.

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Hexacanth Embryo

A stage of Hymenolepis nana where the fertilized egg includes a six-hooked embryo.

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Accidental Ingestion

Humans acquire Hymenolepis nana by accidentally swallowing eggs present in contaminated food, water, or soil. This can also occur through touching the mouth with contaminated fingers.

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Autoinfection

The Hymenolepis nana life cycle involves the parasite developing and maturing within the same host, not requiring an intermediate host. This occurs through internal re-infection from ingested eggs.

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Gravid Segment

The stage of Hymenolepis nana that is responsible for spreading the infection; found in the feces of infected individuals.

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Hymenolepis diminuta (Rat Tapeworm)

A tapeworm found in rats and mice, rarely infecting humans. It resides in the small intestine.

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Cercocystic Cysticercoid

The infective stage of Hymenolepis diminuta in which the parasite enters the definitive host.

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Hymenolepis diminuta Egg

The Hymenolepis diminuta egg, unlike H. nana, lacks polar filaments. It's recognizable by two polar thickenings.

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Hydatid cyst

The larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus parasite, characterized by a spherical cyst that can grow to a significant size and cause pressure atrophy in the affected tissues. It typically has an outer laminated layer and an inner germinal layer.

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Hydatid disease

A parasitic disease caused by the larval stage (hydatid cyst) of the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. Humans act as the intermediate host, contracting the infection through ingestion of contaminated food or water.

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Scolices

The stage of the Echinococcus granulosus parasite that is present within the hydatid cyst. They are small invaginations of the germinal layer of the cyst that possess hooks for attachment.

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Brood capsules

Structures formed by invagination of the germinal layer of the hydatid cyst within which scolices develop. They represent a stage of the parasite's development within the cyst.

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Daughter cysts

Cysts formed from the outer two layers of the hydatid cyst. They can develop inside other cysts (daughter cysts), giving rise to more scolices, brood capsules, and even grand-daughter cysts.

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Hydatid fluid

The fluid found within the hydatid cyst. It can cause severe allergic reactions if the cyst is ruptured.

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Liver

The most common organ affected by hydatid cyst infection, accounting for approximately 70% of cases.

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Lung

The second most frequently affected organ by hydatid cyst infection. This organ is responsible for gas exchange.

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What is Trichinella spiralis?

Trichinella spiralis is a type of roundworm that causes a disease called trichinosis.

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How do humans get infected with Trichinella spiralis?

Humans get trichinosis by eating raw or undercooked meat containing encysted Trichinella larvae.

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Where are the encysted larvae of Trichinella spiralis found?

The encysted larvae of Trichinella spiralis are found in the striated muscles of the host.

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What is the disease caused by Trichinella spiralis?

Trichinosis, also known as Trichinellosis, is the disease caused by infection with Trichinella spiralis.

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What's a symptom of the intestinal phase of Trichinella spiralis infection?

The intestinal phase of Trichinella spiralis infection is characterized by symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation.

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What's a symptom of the invasive phase of Trichinella spiralis infection?

The invasive phase of Trichinella spiralis infection is marked by severe myalgia and hemorrhages.

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What's a direct diagnostic test for Trichinella spiralis infection?

Muscle biopsy is a direct diagnostic test that helps confirm the presence of Trichinella spiralis larvae in a person.

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What is Enterobius vermicularis?

Enterobius vermicularis, also known as pinworm, is a type of roundworm that infects the large intestine of humans.

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Wuchereria bancrofti

A type of parasitic worm that lives in the lymphatic system of humans.

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Microfilaria

The stage of Wuchereria bancrofti that is found in the blood of infected humans.

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Microfilarial periodicity

The time of day when microfilariae are most commonly found in the blood.

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CBC (Complete Blood Count)

A diagnostic test that measures the number of white blood cells, including eosinophils.

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Blood film

A microscopic examination of a blood sample to detect microfilariae.

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Ultrasonography

A technique that uses sound waves to visualize the lymphatic vessels and detect adult worms.

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Scotch adhesive tape swab

A sticky tape used to collect parasitic eggs from the perianal region.

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NIH swab

A method of collecting specimens for parasitic infections using a glass rod with cellophane attached.

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Study Notes

Types of Hosts

  • Definitive host: The host that harbors the adult (mature) stage of the parasite.
  • Intermediate host: The host that harbors the immature larval stage of the parasite.
  • Reservoir host: An animal that harbors the mature stage of the parasite.
  • Vector: An arthropod that carries the parasite from one host to another.

Types of Parasites

  • Ectoparasite: Inhabits the surface of the host's body without penetrating the tissues. Infection is called infestation.
  • Endoparasite: Lives within the host's body. Infection is called invasion.
  • Temporary parasite: Visits the host to take a blood meal.
  • Permanent parasite: Lives on or in the host throughout its life.
  • Facultative parasite: Lives as a parasite or as a free-living organism.
  • Obligatory parasite: Cannot survive without a host.
  • Specific parasite: Affects only one particular host.
  • Nonspecific parasite: Normally infects an animal host and can also infect humans without completing its life cycle.
  • Opportunistic parasite: Can cause disease only in immunocompromised individuals, while immunocompetent individuals remain asymptomatic.

Fasciola

  • Disease: Fascioliasis
  • Habitat: Bile ducts of the liver and gall bladder.
  • Definitive host: Herbivores (sheep, cattle, goats).

Egg in Stool (Diagnostic Stage)

  • Size: 150 x 90 μm
  • Shape: Ovoid
  • Shell: Thin, operculated
  • Color: Bile-stained (yellowish brown)
  • Content: Embryonic cells (immature)

Encysted Metacercaria (Infective Stage)

  • Size: 0.25 mm diameter
  • Shape: Spherical with a thick white cyst wall

Mode of Infection (Fasciola)

  • Ingesting contaminated vegetation or drinking water with metacercaria.

Clinical Picture (Fasciola)

  • Acute phase: Prolonged febrile illness, anorexia, and right upper quadrant abdominal pain.
  • Chronic phase: Biliary obstruction (biliary colic, epigastric pain), jaundice, and anemia.

Laboratory Diagnosis (Fasciola)

  • Stool examination: Confirming detection of parasitic eggs.
  • Serological tests: Antibody and antigen detection during the migratory stage and in ectopic infection.
  • Eosinophilia, Ultrasound, CT, and Molecular diagnosis (nested-PCR for parasitic DNA in human stool and urine samples).

Other Parasites and Information

  • Heterophyes heterophyes:

    • Habitat: Small intestine
    • Definitive host: Man and fish-eating animals (dogs, cats).
    • Intermediate host: Pirenella conica snail and Boury & Bolty fish.
    • Infective stage: Encysted metacercaria
    • Diagnostic stage: Egg in stool.
    • Size: 30 μm x 15 μm
    • Shell: Thick double walled with operculum and posterior knob
    • Color: Brownish yellow.
    • Content: Miracidium -Mode of infection: Eating raw or undercooked fish that contains the encysted metacercaria.

  • Schistosomes:

    • S. haematobium: Definitive host: Man, Reservoir hosts: Primates, such as rats, Intermediate host: Bulinus (Snail), Habitat: vesicles, prosatic, and uterine plexuses
    • S. mansoni: Definitive host: Man, Reservoir hosts: Primates, such as rats, Intermediate host: Biomphalaria (Snail), Habitat: Branches of the inferior mesenteric vein in the lower colon.
    • Eggs: Shape: Oval, Size: ranges from 150x60, 140x60 (μm), Shell: Thin (terminal or lateral), Color: Translucent or yellowish brown, Content: Miracidium, Secreted in: Urine or stool

  • Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm):

    • Habitat: Upper third of the small intestine.
    • Definitive host: Man
    • Intermediate host: Cattle
    • Infective stage: Cysticercus bovis
    • Diagnostic stage: Gravid segments (containing eggs).

  • Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm):

    • Habitat: Small intestine
    • Definitive host: Man
    • Intermediate host: Pigs
    • Infective stage: Cysticercus cellulosa
    • Diagnostic stage: Eggs, Gravid segments

  • Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf tapeworm):

    • Habitat: Small intestine
    • Definitive host: Man
    • Intermediate host: Man, fleas, and rats
    • Infective stage: Egg and cysticercoid.
    • Diagnostic stage: Eggs, Gravid segment

  • Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid worm):

    • Definitive host: Dogs, foxes, wolves
    • Intermediate host: Man, cattle, pigs, sheep
    • Infective stage: Eggs
    • Diagnostic stage: Hydatid cyst

  • Ascaris lumbricoides:

    • Habitat: Small intestine
    • Definitive host: Man
    • Intermediate host: None
    • Infective stage: Eggs containing second-stage rhabditiform larvae

  • Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm):

    • Habitat: Large intestine (mainly caecum)
    • Definitive host: Humans
    • Intermediate host: None
    • Infective stage: Eggs containing first-stage larvae

  • Ancylostoma duodenale:

    • Habitat: Small intestines (mostly jejunum)
    • Definitive host: Man
    • Intermediate host: None
    • Infective stage: Third-stage filariform larvae
    • Diagnostic stage: Immature eggs

  • Trichinella spiralis:

    • Habitat: Small intestine
    • Definitive host: Man, rats, and pigs
    • Intermediate host: Man/rats/pigs
    • Infective stage: Adults, larvae, and muscle encysted larvae
    • Diagnostic stage: Adults, larvae, and muscle encysted larvae (sometimes eggs)

  • Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm):

    • Habitat: Large intestine
    • Definitive host: Man
    • Intermediate host: None
    • Infective stage: Eggs

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Explore the various types of hosts and parasites in this quiz. Understand the differences between definitive, intermediate, reservoir hosts, and learn about ectoparasites, endoparasites, and more. Test your knowledge on how these organisms interact with one another.

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