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Questions and Answers
What is the term used when an organism lives at the expense of another organism?
What is the term used when an organism lives at the expense of another organism?
- Commensalism
- Parasitism (correct)
- Symbiosis
- Mutualism
Which type of parasite lives internally in its host?
Which type of parasite lives internally in its host?
- Endoparasite (correct)
- Ectoparasite
- Intermediate Host
- Transfer Host
What is the host called in which the parasitic organism attains sexual maturity or reproduces?
What is the host called in which the parasitic organism attains sexual maturity or reproduces?
- Primary Host
- Intermediate Host
- Final Host (correct)
- Transfer Host
Which type of host is used as a vehicle for reaching the final host and is not essential for completing the organism's life cycle?
Which type of host is used as a vehicle for reaching the final host and is not essential for completing the organism's life cycle?
What term is used to describe when a parasite is growing and multiplying within or on a host?
What term is used to describe when a parasite is growing and multiplying within or on a host?
If a parasite lives on the surface of its host, what type of parasite is it?
If a parasite lives on the surface of its host, what type of parasite is it?
What is the main function of a-1,3-glucan in the cell wall of Coccidioides immitis?
What is the main function of a-1,3-glucan in the cell wall of Coccidioides immitis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Blastomyces dermatitidis dimorphism?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Blastomyces dermatitidis dimorphism?
What is the role of Cryptococcus neoformans capsule in pathogenesis?
What is the role of Cryptococcus neoformans capsule in pathogenesis?
Which factor contributes to Candida albicans oxidative damages during infection?
Which factor contributes to Candida albicans oxidative damages during infection?
In viral virulence, what does the term 'Adhesion' refer to?
In viral virulence, what does the term 'Adhesion' refer to?
What is a key characteristic of viral latency?
What is a key characteristic of viral latency?
How can a pathogen penetrate the epithelia surface through small breaks in a mucous membrane?
How can a pathogen penetrate the epithelia surface through small breaks in a mucous membrane?
What is a common mechanism for bacteria to gain entry into plants?
What is a common mechanism for bacteria to gain entry into plants?
How do fungal pathogens typically penetrate plant tissues?
How do fungal pathogens typically penetrate plant tissues?
What is a common route for pathogens to penetrate plants during cultivation operations?
What is a common route for pathogens to penetrate plants during cultivation operations?
In plant disease development, what defines a plant disease?
In plant disease development, what defines a plant disease?
How do pathogens penetrate deeper into the body of a host once inside the epithelia?
How do pathogens penetrate deeper into the body of a host once inside the epithelia?
What physical factors within a plant can influence its susceptibility to fungal infection?
What physical factors within a plant can influence its susceptibility to fungal infection?
How do hyphae infect plants?
How do hyphae infect plants?
What are some general symptoms of parasitic infections in humans?
What are some general symptoms of parasitic infections in humans?
What is the role of the immune system in response to pathogenic microorganisms?
What is the role of the immune system in response to pathogenic microorganisms?
What is the function of the cuticle in plants?
What is the function of the cuticle in plants?
What are stomata in plants?
What are stomata in plants?
What is the definition of a localized infection?
What is the definition of a localized infection?
What is an opportunistic infection?
What is an opportunistic infection?
What is the meaning of pathogens?
What is the meaning of pathogens?
What is the difference between primary and opportunistic pathogens?
What is the difference between primary and opportunistic pathogens?
What is the definition of an infectious disease?
What is the definition of an infectious disease?
What is the meaning of covert infection?
What is the meaning of covert infection?
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Study Notes
Types of Infections
- Localized infection: restricted to a limited region or anatomical area
- Abscess: a localized infection with a collection of pus surrounded by an inflamed area
- Bacteremia: the presence of viable bacteria in the blood
- Opportunistic infection: caused by an agent that takes advantage of an unhealthy host
- Mixed infection: more than one organism is present simultaneously
- Primary infection: the first infection that often allows other organisms to appear
- Secondary infection: caused by another organism following an initial or primary infection
- Covert infection: shows no symptoms
- Overt infection: symptomatic and persists over a long time
- Chronic infection: symptomatic and persists over a long time
Parasitic Organisms and Host Factors
- Parasitic organism: an organism that lives at the expense of another organism (the host)
- Parasitism: the relationship between a parasitic organism and its host
- Ectoparasite: lives on the surface of its host
- Endoparasite: lives internally in its host
- Final host: the host in which the parasitic organism attains sexual maturity or reproduces
- Intermediate host: a host that serves as a temporary environment for development
- Transfer host: used as a vehicle for reaching the final host, not necessary for the completion of the organism's life cycle
- Host factors that increase susceptibility to infection: extremes of age, physical and biochemical factors within the plant (e.g. stature, cuticle thickness, stomata shape)
General Symptoms of Parasitic Infections
- Fever
- Malaise
- Headache
- Rash
- Diarrhea
- Fatigue
- Muscle ache
- Coughing
- Itching
- Abdominal pain
- Weight loss
- Increased appetite
- Loss of appetite
- Bowel obstruction
- Vomiting
- Dehydration
- Sleeping problems
- Allergies
- Nervousness
Host-Parasite Relationships
- Parasitic organism: metabolically dependent on the host
- Host: shelters and supports the growth and multiplication of the parasitic organism
- Infection: the ability of microorganisms to invade tissue and find conditions suitable for growth and replication
Fungal Infections
- Hyphal phase: fungal phase that emerges from spores and infects plants via natural openings or wounds
- Adhesion: fungal ability to attach to plant surfaces
- Catalase: protects fungal cells from oxidative killing
Viral Infections
- Virulence factors: determine whether infection occurs and how severe the resulting disease symptoms are
- Adhesion: viruses attach to surface proteins of host cells before infecting them
- Host evasion: some viruses hide within host cells to avoid the host's immune system
- Viral latency: viruses lie dormant in host cells
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