Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the shape of a curve when the data concentrates at both ends?
What is the shape of a curve when the data concentrates at both ends?
- Skewed
- U-shaped (correct)
- Asymmetrical
- Bell-shaped
What does positive skewness indicate?
What does positive skewness indicate?
- The data is asymmetric
- Most unusual values are on the high end of the range (correct)
- The data is normally distributed
- Most unusual values are on the low end of the range
What is the purpose of a line graph in statistics?
What is the purpose of a line graph in statistics?
- To show the pie chart
- To show the correlation between two variables
- To compare the distribution of two variables
- To show the dose-response curves (correct)
What is the main purpose of a pie diagram?
What is the main purpose of a pie diagram?
What is the advantage of summarizing large data sets using few numbers?
What is the advantage of summarizing large data sets using few numbers?
What does the angle of each sector in a pie diagram represent?
What does the angle of each sector in a pie diagram represent?
What is the term for the amount of spread in a distribution?
What is the term for the amount of spread in a distribution?
What do two curves with the same shape but different positions on the x-axis have?
What do two curves with the same shape but different positions on the x-axis have?
What is a characteristic of discrete numerical data?
What is a characteristic of discrete numerical data?
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
Which step in the experimental design process is often overlooked?
Which step in the experimental design process is often overlooked?
What is the benefit of a good experimental design?
What is the benefit of a good experimental design?
What is an example of continuous numerical data?
What is an example of continuous numerical data?
What is the purpose of statistical analysis in an experiment?
What is the purpose of statistical analysis in an experiment?
What is a common error in statistical analysis?
What is a common error in statistical analysis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of good experimental design?
Which of the following is a characteristic of good experimental design?
What is the probability of a tablet being rejected if the batch size is 10,000?
What is the probability of a tablet being rejected if the batch size is 10,000?
What is the purpose of statistical analysis in a pharmacological study?
What is the purpose of statistical analysis in a pharmacological study?
What is the level of significance that indicates the probability that the difference is significant is 5%?
What is the level of significance that indicates the probability that the difference is significant is 5%?
What is the name of the test used to compare the means of two or more groups?
What is the name of the test used to compare the means of two or more groups?
What is the calculation for Z1 in the problem?
What is the calculation for Z1 in the problem?
What is the name of the test used to compare the means of two groups, where the data is paired?
What is the name of the test used to compare the means of two groups, where the data is paired?
What is the area of Z1 in the problem?
What is the area of Z1 in the problem?
What is the purpose of the test of significance?
What is the purpose of the test of significance?
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Study Notes
Types of Frequency Curves
- Bell-shaped curves: can be symmetrical or asymmetrical, and may be U-shaped when data concentrates at both ends
- Skewed curves: frequency curve extends in one direction more than the other, with skewness to the right (positively skewed) or left (negatively skewed)
Characteristics of Frequency Curves
- Location: two curves may be of the same shape, but occupy different positions on the x-axis
- Dispersion: two curves may have the same shape, but one may contain x-values extending over a wider range on the x-axis than the other
Graphs
- Line graphs: used for dose-response curves and when the effect is measured at different times
- Pie diagrams: show the split of a total into constituent parts, with the angle of each sector proportional to the relative frequency
Data Types
- Numerical (metric) data: have true numbers with an average and standard deviation, can be discrete or continuous
- Discrete data: possibilities are limited (finite), values are counted, usually integers
- Continuous data: possibilities are unlimited (infinite), values are measured, can be any number
Steps of Experiments
- Design of experiments
- Collection of data
- Presentation of collected data
- Analysis of data
- Interpretation of analyzed data
Experimental Design
- Principal application of statistics is not only in the analysis of final data but also in the designing of the experiment
- Good designs save time, give accurate and reliable results, and minimize difficulties associated with variability
- Experimental design involves dividing animals or humans into groups exposed to identical conditions
Statistical Analysis
- Primary aim is to find out whether the effect produced by the compound under study is genuine and not due to chance
- Tests of significance include:
- Student's t-test (for graded data)
- Chi-square test (for all or none data)
- Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (for more than two groups)
Levels of Significance
- Most common levels of significance are:
- P < 0.05 (5% level)
- P < 0.01 (1% level)
- P < 0.001 (0.1% level)
- Level of significance indicates the probability that the difference is significant
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