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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason for a fracture to occur?
What is the term for a bone that is misaligned, forming an angle between fractured fragments?
Which of the following signs is NOT a characteristic of a fracture?
What is the primary goal of splinting in the management of fractures?
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What type of splint is used for stabilizing lower leg or forearm fractures?
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What is the priority in transportation of patients with fractures?
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What is the term for a partial dislocation of a joint?
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What principle is used in the acute management of fractures?
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Study Notes
Fractures
- A fracture occurs when the force applied to a bone exceeds the bone's strength
- Types of fractures:
- Open (compound) fracture: break in the overlying skin, exposing the fracture to the outside environment
- Closed fracture: skin remains intact, not exposed
- Angulation: bone is misaligned, forming an angle between fractured fragments
- Non-displaced fracture: simple crack in the bone
- Displaced fracture: two bone ends are separated in at least one plane
Signs and Symptoms of Fractures
- Obvious deformity
- Shortening
- Swelling
- Bruising
- Discoloration
- Tenderness
- Pain, especially guarding or crepitus (grating sensation)
- Locked joint (difficult and painful to move)
Other Types of Injuries
- Dislocation: bone is totally displaced from the joint
- Subluxation: partial dislocation of a joint
- Sprains: stretched or torn ligaments
- Strains: injury to a muscle and tendon
- Achilles tendon rupture: usually occurs in athletes over 30 years old, involving sudden pain and inability to perform plantar flexion
Acute Management
- RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) principle
- Pain control
- Separation of a limb or body part from the remainder of the body (amputation)
- Hemorrhage: severe bleeding from amputation
Assessment and Management
- Primary survey: managing ABCs (Airway, Breathing, and Circulation), identifying life threats, and getting patient priority
- Secondary assessment: full body exam, identifying hidden injuries, and evaluating circulation, motor function, and abnormal sensations
- Six Ps of musculoskeletal assessment: Pain, Paralysis, Paresthesia, Pulselessness, Pallor, and Pressure
- Reassessment: repeating primary survey, maintaining ABCs, and stabilizing injuries
Splinting
- Goals: immobilize the bone ends and adjacent joints, decrease pain and swelling, and prevent further injury
- Types of splints:
- Rigid splints
- Traction splints (for mid-shaft femur fractures)
- Pneumatic splints (for stabilizing lower leg or forearm fractures)
- Formable splints (vacuum splints, pillow splints, Sam splints, sling and swath, and pelvic binder)
Transportation
- Priority: patients with pulseless limbs or possible compartment syndrome
- Mode of transportation: helicopter or immediate ground transportation if treatment is 1 hour or more away
Fractures
- A fracture occurs when the force applied to a bone exceeds its strength
- Types of fractures include open (compound), closed, angulation, non-displaced, and displaced fractures
Characteristics of Fractures
- Open (compound) fracture: break in the overlying skin, exposing the fracture to the outside environment
- Closed fracture: skin remains intact, not exposed
- Angulation: bone is misaligned, forming an angle between fractured fragments
- Non-displaced fracture: simple crack in the bone
- Displaced fracture: two bone ends are separated in at least one plane
Signs and Symptoms of Fractures
- Obvious deformity
- Shortening of the affected limb
- Swelling and bruising
- Discoloration
- Tenderness and pain, especially with guarding or crepitus (grating sensation)
- Locked joint, making it difficult and painful to move
Other Types of Injuries
- Dislocation: bone is totally displaced from the joint
- Subluxation: partial dislocation of a joint
- Sprains: stretched or torn ligaments
- Strains: injury to a muscle and tendon
- Achilles tendon rupture: usually occurs in athletes over 30 years old, involving sudden pain and inability to perform plantar flexion
Acute Management of Injuries
- RICE principle: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation
- Pain control is essential
- Separation of a limb or body part from the remainder of the body (amputation) may occur
- Hemorrhage: severe bleeding from amputation
Assessment and Management of Injuries
- Primary survey: managing ABCs (Airway, Breathing, and Circulation), identifying life threats, and getting patient priority
- Secondary assessment: full body exam, identifying hidden injuries, and evaluating circulation, motor function, and abnormal sensations
- Six Ps of musculoskeletal assessment: Pain, Paralysis, Paresthesia, Pulselessness, Pallor, and Pressure
- Reassessment: repeating primary survey, maintaining ABCs, and stabilizing injuries
Splinting in Injuries
- Goals: immobilize the bone ends and adjacent joints, decrease pain and swelling, and prevent further injury
- Types of splints include:
- Rigid splints
- Traction splints (for mid-shaft femur fractures)
- Pneumatic splints (for stabilizing lower leg or forearm fractures)
- Formable splints (vacuum splints, pillow splints, Sam splints, sling and swath, and pelvic binder)
Transportation of Injured Patients
- Priority: patients with pulseless limbs or possible compartment syndrome
- Mode of transportation: helicopter or immediate ground transportation if treatment is 1 hour or more away
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Description
Learn about the different types of fractures, including open, closed, angulation, non-displaced, and displaced fractures. Understand the signs and symptoms of each type.
