85 Questions
What are the three regions collectively called the pericarp?
Exocarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp
What is the main characteristic of a drupe fruit?
Single seed enclosed by hard, stony endocarp
What defines a true berry in terms of its pericarp?
Thin skin and relatively soft pericarp
What type of fruit has relatively thick rind and includes pumpkins and cucumbers?
Pepo
What is the characteristic feature of a hesperidium fruit?
Leathery skin containing oils
What distinguishes a pome fruit from others?
Flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle
What is the purpose of scarification in seed germination?
Break dormancy due to alterations in seed coat.
Name one environmental requirement for seed germination.
Availability of oxygen
What is vivipary in seed germination?
No period of dormancy; embryo continues to grow while fruit is still on parent.
How can seed viability be extended?
At low temperatures and when kept dry
What is the role of light in seed germination?
Hydration of cells
Which type of fruit splits at maturity?
Dehiscent fruits
Name a plant family that produces legumes as fruits.
Legume family
What type of fruit splits along one side?
Follicle
Which dry dehiscent fruit splits along two sides?
Legume
Describe the characteristic of a silique compared to a silicle.
Silique is more than three times longer than wide, while a silicle is less than three times longer than wide.
What type of fruit consists of at least two carpels and splits in various ways?
Capsules
What are some characteristics of butterfly- and moth-pollinated flowers?
Sweet fragrances, white or yellow colors for night-flying moths, and red, blue, yellow, or orange colors for butterflies.
How do bird-pollinated flowers differ from other types of flowers?
Bird-pollinated flowers are often bright red or yellow, have little to no odor, and produce copious amounts of nectar.
What are some characteristics of bat-pollinated flowers?
Bat-pollinated flowers are dull in color, open at night, and are large enough for bats to insert their heads or consist of ball-like inflorescences.
What is a unique characteristic of orchid flowers in terms of pollination?
Orchid flowers produce pollen grains in little sacs called pollinia with sticky pads at the base.
How does caffeine play a role in pollination?
Caffeine is used to give bees a buzz and make them faithful 'hooked' pollinators.
What is the botanical trickery associated with the Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera)?
Bee Orchids have modified petals that resemble female bumble bees or wasps to attract male bees or wasps for pollination.
Which plant family does the red mangrove belong to?
Family Rhizophoraceae
Name a plant family that includes the Magnolia plant.
Magnoliaceae
What type of reproduction does the red mangrove exhibit?
Vivipary
Which plant family does the Walnut belong to?
Juglandaceae
Name a plant family that includes the Cactus.
Cactaceae
Which plant family is known for including the Pumpkin plant?
Cucurbitaceae
Match the following with their corresponding pollinator: Butterfly- and moth-pollinated flowers
Sweet fragrances and white or yellow colors = Night-flying moths Red, blue, yellow, or orange colors = Butterflies Nectaries at bases of corolla tubes or spurs = Long-tongued pollinators Large and part of sturdy inflorescence with copious nectar = Birds (hummingbirds and sunbirds)
Match the following with their corresponding pollinator: Bird-pollinated flowers (hummingbirds and sunbirds)
Bright red or yellow colors = Hummingbirds and sunbirds Little to no odor = Birds Large floral tubes with copious nectar production = Highly active birds Primarily open at night in the tropics = Bats
Match the following with their corresponding pollinator: Bat-pollinated flowers
Open at night in the tropics = Bats Dull colors, large enough for bat head insertion or ball-like inflorescence = Bat-pollinated flowers Pollen grains produced in pollinia with sticky pads = Orchid flowers Modified petal resembling female bees or wasps for copulation = Ophrys orchids
Match the following with their corresponding feature: Orchid flowers
Pollinators among all types mentioned = Orchid flowers Adaptations include extraordinary features = Orchid flowers Pollen produced in pollinia with sticky pads at base = Orchid flowers Modified petal resembling female bees or wasps for copulation = Ophrys orchids
Match the following with their corresponding role: Caffeine
Used to give bees a buzz as a faithful pollinator reward = Caffeine Highly nutritious for hummingbirds and Heliconia sp. = Nectar Helps make a faithful 'hooked' pollinator relationship = Caffeine Produces just enough nectar for hummingbirds and Heliconia sp. = Nectar
Match the following with their corresponding botanical trickery: Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera)
Instigators of plant deception with modified petals resembling bees or wasps = Bee Orchid (Ophrys apifera) Have modified petals resembling female bees or wasps for copulation = Ophrys orchids Pollen deposited on male bees' or wasps' heads during attempted copulation = Orchid flowers Drug used to give bees a buzz as a reward for pollination services = Caffeine
Match the fruit type with its description:
Drupe = Simple fleshy fruit with single seed enclosed by hard, stony endocarp Berry = From compound ovary, with more than one seed, and with fleshy pericarp Pepo = Relatively thick rind Hesperidium = Leathery skin containing oils
Match the fruit region with its definition:
Exocarp = Skin Endocarp = Inner boundary around seed(s) Mesocarp = Tissue between exocarp and endocarp Pericarp = Three regions collectively called pericarp
Match the plant term with its definition:
Fruit = Matured ovary and its accessory parts, contains seeds Vegetable = Any edible portion of a plant Pericarp = Three regions collectively called pericarp Ovary = Part of flower that develops into fruit after fertilization
Match the following terms with their corresponding definition:
Endocarp = Innermost layer of a fruit's pericarp Mesocarp = Middle layer of a fruit's pericarp Pericarp = The wall of a fruit Exocarp = Outermost layer of a fruit's pericarp
Match the plant characteristic with its description:
Fleshy Fruits = Mesocarp at least partly fleshy at maturity Simple fleshy fruits = Develop from flower with single pistil True berry = With thin skin and relatively soft pericarp Pome = Flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around ovary
Match the following types of dry dehiscent fruits with their description:
Follicle = Splits along one side; examples include Larkspur and milkweed Legume = Splits along two sides; examples include peas, beans, and peanuts Silique = More than three times longer than wide; examples include broccoli and cabbage Capsule = Consists of at least two carpels and split in various ways; examples include Irises and poppies
Match the term with its definition:
Matured ovary and its accessory parts Contains seeds = Fruit definition Three regions collectively called pericarp. = Pericarp definition Part of flower that develops into fruit after fertilization = Ovary definition any edible portion of a plant = Vegetable definition
Match the type of fruit with examples:
Drupe = Peaches, almonds, olives Berry = Tomatoes, grapes, peppers, blueberries, bananas Pepo = Pumpkins, cucumbers Hesperidium = Citrus fruits
Match the following fruits with their corresponding description:
Unicorn plant = Dry indehiscent fruit where single seed is united with pericarp Apple = Core and a little of adjacent tissue from ovary; remainder from floral tube and receptacle Mustard family fruits = Dry dehiscent fruits that split along two sides; seeds on central partition exposed when halves separate Autograph Tree = Dry indehiscent fruit where base of seed is attached to pericarp
Match the following dry indehiscent fruits with their defining characteristic:
Achene = Base of seed attached to pericarp Nut = Hard-shelled fruit with one seed enclosed Samara = Winged fruit for wind dispersal Grain = Small, indehiscent fruit with thin seed coat
Match the following fruit types with their examples:
Achene = Sunflower seed Samaras = Maples Aggregate fruits = Raspberries Multiple fruits = Pineapples
Match the following dispersal methods with their corresponding features:
Wind dispersal = Fruits: Samaras Animal dispersal = Oils attract ants Water dispersal = Some fruits contain trapped air for floatation
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Caryopsis = Pericarp tightly united with seed Schizocarp = Twin fruit Aggregate fruits = Derived from single flower with several to many pistils Multiple fruits = Derived from several to many individual flowers in single inflorescence
Match the following nut types with their examples:
Acorns = Inside of sunflower achene Hazelnuts = Acorn Hickory nuts = Corn section Walnuts = Parsley family: carrots, anise, dill
Match the following plant families with their associated fruits:
Parsley family = Carrots, anise, dill Rosaceae family = Blackberries Moraceae family = Mulberries Cucurbitaceae family = Pineapples
Match the following features with their corresponding seed dispersal method:
Small and lightweight seeds or with wings = Wind dispersal Seeds adhering to fur or feathers = Animal dispersal Elaiosomes attracting ants = Animal dispersal Trapped air for floatation in fruits = Water dispersal
Match the following seed viability conditions with their effects:
Low temperatures and dry conditions = Extends seed viability Adequate moisture for hydration of cells = Required for germination Scarification (heat, cold, etc.) = Breaks dormancy Vivipary = No period of dormancy
Match the following seed germination requirements with their importance:
Availability of oxygen = Metabolic needs Adequate temperature = Enzyme activity Light (in some cases) = Germination in specific seeds Respiration and metabolism = Continue throughout dormancy
Match the following seed germination conditions with their characteristics:
Embryo composed of only a few cells when fruit ripens = Seeds won't germinate until development Light (in some cases) = Required for germination in specific cases Animal intestinal acid, soil microbes = Causes scarification by altering the seed coat Seed bank = Seeds can remain dormant for a long time
Match the seed longevity factors with their effects:
Seed viability varies based on species and storage conditions = Dependent on environmental factors At low temperatures and when kept dry = Extends viability Some seeds can remain dormant for an indeterminate amount of time = Forming a seed bank Vivipary - No dormancy period = Embryo continues to grow
Match the following metabolic needs with their purpose during seed germination:
Respiration and metabolism continue throughout dormancy, but at a reduced level = Sustain life processes during dormancy Availability of oxygen for metabolic needs = Essential for energy production Adequate moisture for hydration of cells = Ensures cell activation and growth Heat, cold, animal intestinal acid, soil microbes = Causes scarification to break dormancy
What is the main characteristic of a drupe fruit?
Enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp (pit)
Which type of fruit comes from a compound ovary, has more than one seed, and a fleshy pericarp?
Berry
What is the correct description of a hesperidium fruit?
Leathery skin containing oils
What differentiates a pome fruit from other fruits?
Flesh coming from enlarged floral tube
Which type of fruit has relatively thick rind and includes pumpkins and cucumbers?
Pepo
What defines a true berry in terms of its pericarp?
Thin skin and relatively soft pericarp
Which type of fruit has a pericarp that breaks into one-seeded segments called mericarps and extends as wings for dispersal?
Schizocarp
What is a unique feature of sunflower seeds as compared to typical achenes?
Cluster of bracts at the base
Which type of fruit is derived from a single flower with several to many pistils matured as a clustered unit on a single receptacle?
Aggregate fruit
What is the main characteristic feature of fruits that undergo wind dispersal?
Seeds with wings
Which type of fruit consists of at least two carpels and splits in various ways at maturity?
Dehiscent fruit
What is the distinguishing feature of an achene compared to a sunflower seed in terms of the pericarp?
Thicker pericarp
What is the purpose of scarification in seed germination?
To break dormancy by altering the seed coat
What factor is NOT required for seed germination?
Absence of moisture for cell hydration
What is vivipary in seed germination?
The continuation of embryo growth while fruit is still on the parent plant
What happens to respiration and metabolism levels during seed dormancy?
They continue but at a reduced level
How does longevity impact seed viability?
Low temperatures and dry conditions extend viability
Which plant family is associated with the Pumpkin plant?
Cactaceae (Cactus)
What type of flowers are typically pollinated by bats?
Bird-pollinated flowers
Which family includes the Magnolia plant?
Magnoliaceae (Magnolia)
What is the fruit type of plants in the Solanaceae family?
Berries
What is the main characteristic feature of a hesperidium fruit?
Thick rind with sections containing juicy pulp
Which plant family does the red mangrove belong to?
Agavaceae (Agave)
What is the function of cotyledons in seeds?
To store food for the seed
Which part of the seed gives rise to the root of the plant?
Radicle
How can dormancy in seeds be overcome?
By subjecting seeds to soaking rains
What distinguishes epigeous germination from hypogeous germination?
Epigeous germination involves cotyledons staying underground, and hypogeous germination involves cotyledons emerging above ground.
What triggers the splitting of some fruits upon maturity?
Presence of fire
Which part of the embryo develops into the stem above the cotyledon attachment?
Epicotyl
Explore the characteristics of different types of dry dehiscent fruits such as follicle, legume, siliques, and silicles. Learn about how these fruits split at maturity and examples of plants that belong to each category.
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