Questions and Answers
How many layers of cells are there in the Elodea leaf?
Two layers thick.
How should a coverslip be applied to a drop of water on a microscope slide?
Dip one edge in the water drop and then lower the rest of the coverslip.
What parts of cells are normally visible with the aid of a compound light microscope?
Cell wall, middle lamella, chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts, central vacuole, and nucleus.
When chloroplasts appear to be moving within a living cell, what is the cause of their movement called?
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Where is the cytoplasm located in most living cells, such as those of Elodea?
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If present in a cell, where are anthocyanin pigments located?
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How does the chromoplast differ from the chloroplast?
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In what region of a cell are chloroplasts located?
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If you could see it, where would you look for the nucleus in the Elodea leaf?
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How would you distinguish a starch grain from a chloroplast?
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Where would you expect to find a nucleolus?
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Why should only lens paper be used to clean microscope lenses?
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What is the function of the condenser?
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What is resolution?
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Where should an adjustable condenser be set for maximum resolution?
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What is the function of the iris diaphragm?
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What happens to light intensity when increasing magnification?
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What happens to the actual amount of field visible when magnification is increased?
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Calculate the magnification of the lens system for the dissecting microscope at the zoom setting of 0.7.
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Calculate the magnification of the lens system for the dissecting microscope at the zoom setting of 1.5.
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Calculate the magnification of the lens system for the dissecting microscope at the zoom setting of 3.0.
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Calculate the magnification of the lens system for the compound microscope while using scanning power.
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Calculate the magnification of the lens system for the compound microscope while using low power.
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Calculate the magnification of the lens system for the compound microscope while using high power.
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What is the function of the interpupillary adjustment on the dissecting microscope?
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Study Notes
Elodea Cell Structure
- Elodea leaves consist of two layers of cells, providing structural density.
- Cytoplasm is gel-like, surrounding organelles within the plasma membrane and cell wall.
- Central vacuole is large, storing waste and regulating turgor pressure in plant cells.
- Anthocyanin pigments, if present, are located in the central vacuole.
Chloroplasts and Chromoplasts
- Chloroplasts are typically located near the cell wall due to pressure from the central vacuole.
- Chromoplasts lack chlorophyll and do not perform photosynthesis, unlike chloroplasts which do contain chlorophyll.
Microscopy Techniques
- A coverslip should be applied by first dipping one edge into the water and then lowering it to avoid bubbles.
- For viewing cell structures, a compound light microscope reveals components such as the cell wall, chloroplasts, and possibly the nucleus.
- Resolution refers to the ability to distinguish close objects; the condenser should be set for maximum resolution and adjusted closely to the stage but not touching.
Microscope Features
- The iris diaphragm controls the amount of light reaching the specimen.
- Light intensity changes inversely with magnification: it decreases with increased magnification and increases with reduced magnification.
- As magnification increases, the size of the objects changes, but the actual field of vision remains constant.
Nucleus and Starch Grains
- The nucleus in an Elodea leaf cell can be found adjacent to the plasma membrane and near the cell wall.
- Starch grains appear colorless compared to the green of chloroplasts, and they can be larger than chloroplasts depending on storage.
Microscope Maintenance
- Only lens paper should be used to clean microscope lenses to avoid scratching the delicate surfaces.
Microscopy Magnification Calculations
- Dissecting microscope magnifications are calculated by multiplying the zoom knob setting by 10x, yielding:
- 0.7 = 7x
- 1.5 = 15x
- 3.0 = 30x
- For compound microscopes, magnifications are:
- Scanning (Red): 40x
- Low Power (Yellow): 100x
- High Power (Blue): 400x
Interpupillary Adjustment
- The interpupillary adjustment on a dissecting microscope accommodates different user eye distances for comfortable viewing.
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