Types of Crimes: Hate, Corporate, and Organized Crime

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What age group is most involved in crime and deviance in the UK?

10-24

What percentage of all arrests for violent crimes in the US are represented by people between the ages of 15 and 24?

39.1%

What is a possible reason for young people's involvement in crime and deviance, according to the text?

Unemployment or low-paid jobs

What is the correlation between crime and social class, according to the text?

The majority of convicted offenders are drawn from the working classes Signup and view all the answers

What type of crimes are mainly associated with the working class, according to the text?

Crimes involving violence, theft from property, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What type of crimes are mainly associated with the middle class, according to the text?

Fraud, embezzlement, and so forth Signup and view all the answers

Why are young people more likely to engage in adventurous and risky behavior, according to the text?

They are willing to take chances Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary motivations behind hate crimes, and how do they differ from other forms of crime?

Hate crimes are motivated by biases based on race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnic or national origin, and disability, distinguishing them from other forms of crime that are driven by financial gain or personal gratification. Signup and view all the answers

How do corporate crimes differ from traditional crimes, and what are the implications for societies?

Corporate crimes are committed by corporations or individuals acting on their behalf, and they often have more severe consequences for society due to their broader impact on the economy and public trust. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key characteristics of organised crime, and how has technology facilitated its growth?

Organised crime involves criminal groups that provide illegal goods and services, often using legitimate business models and facilitated by information technology, which enables them to operate more efficiently and anonymously. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of white-collar or elite crime, and how does it differ from street crimes?

White-collar crime refers to crimes committed by individuals of high social standing, such as embezzlement and insider trading, and is often more consequential for society due to its financial impact and the difficulty of prosecuting these crimes. Signup and view all the answers

How do the complexities of white-collar crimes make them challenging to prosecute, and what are the implications for the justice system?

The complexities of white-collar crimes, including complex financial transactions and concealment tactics, make them difficult to prosecute, and the perpetrators often have the resources to hire skilled legal teams to defend themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What are the common features of corporate, organised, and white-collar crimes, and how do they differ from traditional crimes?

These crimes often involve sophisticated criminals, complex financial transactions, and concealment tactics, distinguishing them from traditional crimes, which are often driven by personal gratification or financial gain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Edwin Sutherland's definition of white-collar crime, and how has it influenced our understanding of crime?

Sutherland's definition of white-collar crime highlights the role of social status and occupation in criminal behavior, and has broadened our understanding of crime to include offenses committed by individuals of high social standing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept of Robert Merton's Anomie theory, and how does it relate to societal goals of success?

Anomie theory refers to a societal condition where people feel blocked from achieving socially defined goals of success through approved means, resulting in feelings of frustration and disillusionment. Signup and view all the answers

How does Strain theory, developed by Robert Merton, build upon Durkheim's ideas?

Strain theory builds upon Durkheim's ideas by suggesting that society holds out universal goals of material success, but does not provide equal access to legitimate means to attain this success, resulting in strain. Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of the 'strain' resulting from the gap between societal goals and the means to achieve them, according to Merton's Strain theory?

The consequences of strain can be resolved in one of several ways, including conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'conformity' relate to Merton's Mode of Adaptation?

Conformity refers to the mode of adaptation where individuals accept legitimate goals set by society and have access to approved means to achieve them. Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying assumption of Robert Merton's Anomie and Strain theories regarding the distribution of legitimate means to achieve success?

The underlying assumption is that society does not provide equal access to legitimate means to achieve success, resulting in strain and deviance. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'material success' relate to Merton's Strain theory?

Material success refers to the universal goals of success held out by society, such as owning a car or house, which are often associated with wealth and status. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Robert Merton's Anomie and Strain theories?

Anomie theory focuses on the societal condition of anomie, while Strain theory builds upon anomie to explore the individual's response to the gap between societal goals and available means. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of labeling theory in the study of deviance?

how and why certain acts are defined as deviant and how and why certain individuals are labeled deviant Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of labeling a primary deviant as a criminal, according to labeling theory?

it may lead to secondary deviance Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of considering a broad definition of crime in the study of crime and violence?

it allows for the analysis of the correlation between different types of crimes committed Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to analyze offences against the person in the context of other breaches of the law?

because these crimes are often linked to other breaches of the law Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of analyzing crime data?

to provide information that will assist in defining and implementing strategies for behavior modification Signup and view all the answers

How does labeling theory differ from other approaches to understanding deviance?

it shifts the focus from why people engage in deviant acts to how and why certain acts are defined as deviant Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the concept of secondary deviance in labeling theory?

it suggests that labeling can lead to further deviant behavior Signup and view all the answers

What are the limitations of crime statistics in Jamaica, and how can they be addressed?

Limitations include lack of reporting, particularly for crimes within the home, and lack of standards for data collection and retrieval. Addressing these limitations requires improving reporting mechanisms and establishing standards for data collection and retrieval. Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of organized crime and drug trafficking on Jamaica, and how can it be mitigated?

Organized crime and drug trafficking have a debilitating effect on the country, exacerbating crime and violence. Mitigation strategies include addressing poverty and unemployment, and strengthening governance in inner-city communities. Signup and view all the answers

How does the lack of governance in inner-city communities contribute to the proliferation of organized crime and drug trafficking?

The absence of governance creates a vacuum, allowing organized criminal leaders and drug traffickers to establish an alternative system of local governance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the homicide rate in Jamaica, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)?

Jamaica has the highest homicide rate in the world, with a rate of 30 per 100,000 population annually. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between poverty and crime in Jamaica, according to the UNODC report?

High unemployment and widespread poverty contribute to the proliferation of crime, as individuals may turn to criminal activity as a means of survival. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Police Statistics Unit in Jamaica, and what are the limitations of their data?

The Police Statistics Unit is responsible for collecting and publishing crime statistics, but their data is limited by the lack of reporting and standards for data collection and retrieval. Signup and view all the answers

How can the parties in Jamaica dissociate themselves from criminal elements, and what are the benefits of doing so?

The parties can dissociate themselves from criminal elements by strengthening governance and addressing poverty and unemployment, which will help to reduce crime and improve public safety. Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of crime on development in Jamaica, according to the UNODC report?

Crime has a debilitating effect on the country, exacerbating poverty and undermining development. Signup and view all the answers

How can the Jamaican government improve the collection and retrieval of crime data, and what are the benefits of doing so?

The government can improve the collection and retrieval of crime data by establishing standards for data collection and retrieval, and by transitioning to an electronic system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the UNODC report on crime in Jamaica, and what are the implications for policy and practice?

The UNODC report highlights the high crime rates in Jamaica, and the need for effective policy and practice to address the root causes of crime. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key idea behind the sociological concept of deviance, and how does it differ from the common understanding of deviance?

The sociological concept of deviance is that it is created by society through its reaction to certain actions, rather than by the actions themselves. This concept differs from the common understanding of deviance, which is often limited to moral, religious, or political norms. Signup and view all the answers

How does society's reaction to certain actions create the boundaries between what is and what is not deviant?

Society's reaction to certain actions creates the boundaries between what is and what is not deviant by defining the norms and expectations that are considered acceptable. This reaction can lead to the labeling of certain behaviors as deviant, which in turn reinforces the social norms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of deviance in defining the confines of our shared reality?

Deviance is essential in defining the confines of our shared reality because it highlights the boundaries of what is considered acceptable behavior. This, in turn, helps to maintain social order and stability. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of deviance relate to the idea of nonconformity to social norms or expectations?

The concept of deviance is closely related to the idea of nonconformity to social norms or expectations. Deviance occurs when individuals or groups fail to conform to these norms, resulting in behaviors that are considered unacceptable or deviant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of recognizing deviance as a broader concept that encompasses various forms of nonconformity?

Recognizing deviance as a broader concept that encompasses various forms of nonconformity is significant because it allows us to understand the complexities of human behavior and the many ways in which individuals and groups can deviate from social norms. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of deviance challenge the idea that there is a clear distinction between 'normal' and 'deviant' behavior?

The concept of deviance challenges the idea that there is a clear distinction between 'normal' and 'deviant' behavior by highlighting the social and cultural context in which norms are created and enforced. This challenges the idea that there is a universal or objective standard of 'normal' behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between deviance and social norms, and how do they interact to shape our understanding of what is acceptable behavior?

Deviance and social norms are closely intertwined, with deviance occurring when individuals or groups fail to conform to social norms. Social norms, in turn, are shaped by the reactions of society to certain behaviors, which can lead to the labeling of certain behaviors as deviant. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of deviance highlight the role of power and social control in shaping our understanding of what is acceptable behavior?

The concept of deviance highlights the role of power and social control in shaping our understanding of what is acceptable behavior by revealing how certain groups or individuals have the power to define and enforce norms, and to label certain behaviors as deviant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of norms in a society, and how do they relate to Social Control?

Norms set boundaries for acceptable behavior and define behavior that transgresses these boundaries, which encourages conformity and is enforced by agents of Social Control. Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the reasons why crime may be under-reported, and how does this impact our understanding of crime rates?

Reasons include Fear, Confidence, Trauma, Personal Services, Ignorance, and Minor Objectives. Under-reporting can lead to inaccurate crime statistics and a lack of understanding of the true extent of crime in society. Signup and view all the answers

How do people's views about appropriate and inappropriate behavior influence what is considered deviant in a society?

People's views shape norms, which define what is acceptable and what is not, and thus influence what is considered deviant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the concept of crime in relation to Social Control and norms?

Crime transgresses the boundaries set by norms, and the agents of Social Control enforce conformity to these norms. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of deviance relate to the idea of norms and Social Control?

Deviance refers to behavior that transgresses the norms set by a society, and is enforced by agents of Social Control. Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the consequences of being a victim of crime, and how does this impact individuals and society as a whole?

Consequences can include emotional trauma, financial loss, and a sense of vulnerability. This can lead to a breakdown of trust in society and its institutions. Signup and view all the answers

What do individuals with seemingly deviant behavior, such as homosexuals, prostitutes, and child molesters, have in common, according to the text?

They all engage in behavior that is not seen as normal in their society. Signup and view all the answers

How does the idea of crime rates and statistics relate to the concept of Social Control?

Crime rates and statistics inform the agents of Social Control, enabling them to identify areas of concern and develop strategies to maintain conformity to norms. Signup and view all the answers

Why is no form of behavior inherently deviant, according to the text?

Because deviance is judged from the perspective of the norms of a particular social group. Signup and view all the answers

What three aspects of deviance are highlighted in the text as crucial in determining if an act is deviant?

The relevance of audience, situation, and time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the social distribution of crime in relation to Social Control and norms?

Understanding the social distribution of crime informs the agents of Social Control, enabling them to target their efforts to maintain conformity to norms and reduce crime. Signup and view all the answers

How does the cultural background of an individual influence the perception of their actions as deviant or criminal?

The cultural background can shape the norms and expectations that influence how the individual's actions are perceived. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the situational context in determining whether an act is deviant, according to the text?

The situational context is as important as the act itself. Signup and view all the answers

How do normative expectations change over time, and what is the implication for deviance?

Normative expectations change over time, and what is considered deviant can shift accordingly. Signup and view all the answers

What role does social status play in determining whether an individual's actions are labeled as deviant or criminal?

People will be perceived differently according to their social characteristics, which can influence how their actions are labeled. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the judgment of an act as deviant and the observer's perspective, according to the text?

The judgment of what is good or bad depends on those who observe and evaluate the act. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Informal social control in society?

To control individuals through the reactions of others to their perceived behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying purpose of Formal social control in society?

To induce conformity through the threat of institutionalized punishment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of sanctions in a society?

To bring about conformity, solidarity, and continuity Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between positive and negative sanctions?

Positive sanctions involve ego-bolstering or manipulating minds, while negative sanctions involve derision or the threat of physical or emotional pain Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a society decides that a particular manner of teaching a norm is the 'right' way?

The sanction becomes a norm Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals fear social embarrassment even among strangers?

Through the threat of ridicule, hostility, ostracism, or other informal actions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ridicule, hostility, and ostracism in informal social control?

To keep individuals in line with social norms Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a society's failure to establish effective social control?

Deviance and non-conformity Signup and view all the answers

What social and cultural factors need to be studied in order to address aggression, violence, and criminal tendencies in the society?

The social and cultural factors that contribute to aggression, violence and criminal tendencies within the society. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of legislative reform in relation to offences against the person?

To make it gender neutral to address the growing problem being experienced by males. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the international community in addressing crime and violence?

To develop a standard classification for crime statistics, guidelines for collection and analysis of crime statistics, and guidelines for conduct and analysis of victimisation surveys. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of reemphasizing social control in the society?

To bring order and maintain standards and discipline. Signup and view all the answers

How does the breakdown of the family unit contribute to crime and violence?

It has greatly influenced the way of life and socialization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the need for legislation in relation to 'deportees' with criminal records?

To allow for monitoring over a specific period of time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of setting targets and direct strategies for intervention at the national level?

To address poverty reduction in the same way that the MDGs were developed. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to address gender inequalities in the society?

To address the growing problem of gender issues contributing to aggression, violence and criminal tendencies. Signup and view all the answers