Criminology Chapter 1

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What is the primary focus of policing strategies informed by Deterrence Theory?

Focusing on rehabilitation and offender reintegration

Implementing community-based programs to address the root causes of crime

Increasing the visibility and presence of law enforcement in high-crime areas (correct)

Reducing police visibility in high-crime areas

What is the goal of sentencing policies influenced by Deterrence Theory?

Enhancing the deterrent effect by ensuring consistent and predictable punishment (correct)

Increasing the severity of punishments for certain crimes

Focusing on rehabilitation and offender reintegration

Reducing the severity of punishments for certain crimes

What is the primary objective of community-based programs that integrate deterrence with rehabilitation and community-based strategies?

Increasing the visibility of law enforcement in high-crime areas

Focusing solely on rehabilitation and offender reintegration

Balancing the need for deterrence with efforts to address the underlying causes of criminal behavior (correct)

Punishing offenders more severely

How do technological advancements enhance the ability to deter crime?

By increasing the perceived certainty of apprehension Signup and view all the answers

What is the core framework that Deterrence Theory provides for understanding and addressing criminal behavior?

Rational decision-making and the manipulation of perceived costs and benefits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a policing strategy informed by Deterrence Theory?

Hot spots policing Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consideration in the design of sentencing policies influenced by Deterrence Theory?

The consistency and predictability of punishments Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of integrating deterrence with rehabilitation and community-based strategies in community-based programs?

To balance the need for deterrence with efforts to address the underlying causes of criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of labeling theory?

Societal reactions to individuals and their influence on deviant behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is primary deviance according to labeling theorists?

The initial act of rule-breaking Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of being labeled as deviant according to labeling theorists?

Stigmatization and the internalization of deviant identities Signup and view all the answers

Who is one of the prominent criminologists who has contributed to the development of labeling theory?

E.H. Sutherland Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that suggests that deviance is not inherent in the act itself but is socially constructed?

Social construction of deviance Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of internalizing deviant identities as a result of societal reaction?

Self-fulfilling prophecy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of traditional criminological theories that labeling theory responds to?

They focus too much on individual's propensity for criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the period when labeling theory emerged as a prominent criminological theory?

1960s-1970s Signup and view all the answers

What is a common category of crime that involves acts such as fraud and embezzlement?

White-collar crime Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of scholars studying crime?

Exploring the causes and patterns of crime Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that influences crime behavior?

Socio-economic background Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the actions, attitudes, and patterns of conduct that violate societal norms and legal statutes?

Crime behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of studying crime behavior?

To identify patterns and underlying causes of crime Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of crime behavior?

It involves a wide range of behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of crime?

Any act or omission that violates established laws and regulations Signup and view all the answers

What disciplines are relevant to the study of crime behavior?

Criminology, sociology, and psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of programs based on social disorganization theory?

To build social capital and collective efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What does social disorganization theory inform?

Both academic research and practical interventions Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the Social Learning Theory primarily?

Ronald Akers Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the Social Learning Theory?

Criminal behavior is learned through social interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of definitions in the Social Learning Theory?

They are attitudes or meanings attached to behaviors, increasing the likelihood of criminal behavior if favorable to law violation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the balance of anticipated or actual rewards and punishments that follow behavior in the Social Learning Theory?

Differential Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the modeling of behavior based on the observation of others, especially those considered significant or authoritative, in the Social Learning Theory?

Imitation Signup and view all the answers

When did the roots of Social Learning Theory in criminology emerge?

Mid-20th century Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is applied in positivist criminology to understand the biological underpinnings of criminal behavior?

Biological and genetic theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of research in positivist criminology?

Exploring the biological and genetic factors associated with criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the application of positivist criminology in law enforcement?

Informing psychological profiling and risk assessment Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of prevention and intervention programs guided by positivist criminology?

To reduce crime and recidivism by addressing the underlying causes of criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a biological factor associated with criminal behavior?

Genetic markers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of psychological profiling and risk assessment in law enforcement?

To identify individuals at risk of criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a common element of prevention and intervention programs guided by positivist criminology?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of positivist criminology research on genetic markers?

Understanding the role of genetics in shaping criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers