Types of Communication Skills

Formal Types of Communication Skills

• Referred to as "official communication", encompasses verbal expressions for formal needs.

Informal Communication

• Popular, also known as "the (unofficial) grapevine".
• Often spread through word-of-mouth, can lead to unofficial information.

Oral Communication (Face-to-face)

• Most recognized, what you express directly from what you speak.
• It can be formal or informal, for example, used with friends, at work or during professional presentations.

Oral Communication (Distance)

• Modern expansions include mobile phones, VOIP, video-conferencing, and 2-way webinars.
• Tone of voice and pace of delivery take priority.

Non-verbal Types of Communication

• It includes physical postures, gestures, tone and pace of voice, and attitude.

Written Communication

• Includes formal notes or legal notices.
• Has now taken over every aspect of the world.

Kinesics or Kinesic Communication

• Communication through body movements, such as gestures and facial expressions.
• Non-verbal behavior using any part of the body which is referred to as 'body language'.

Proxemics

• The study of space, how we use it, and how it affects comfort levels.
• Intimate space is considered very close, usually within one foot and sometimes touching.

Haptic Communication

• Using touch to communicate and interact.
• Touch is the most sophisticated and intimate sense.

Vocalics

• Study of paralanguage is the vocalized but nonverbal parts of a message.
• Includes pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers.

Chronemics

• Study of how time is used in nonverbal communication.
• Time perceptions include punctuality, willingness to wait, and interactions.

Setting

• Where and when the story takes place, covers physical location, time period, and social/cultural conditions.

Social Journalism

• Media model with professional journalism, contributor/reader content.
• Relies on community involvement, audience engagement, data analytics, and relationship-building.

Citizen Journalism

• Public citizens play an active role in collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news.

Yellow Journalism

• Presents little legitimate, well-researched news.
• Uses eye-catching headlines and exaggerations for increased sales, sensationalism.

Adversarial Journalism

• Seeks to uncover wrongdoings of public officials.

Manipulative Media

• Tools used for hands-on learning, that enable users to manipulate and understand concepts.
• Abacus, Jigsaw Puzzles, Lego, and Rubik's Cube are examples.

Interactive Media

• Allows users to control, combine, and manipulate media like text, sound, video, computer graphics, and animation.
• Examples include websites, user-generated content, interactive television, and mobile telephony.

Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700's)

• People discovered fire and paper, and forged tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron.

Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)

• People discovered steam power and developed machine tools.
• Established iron production and began manufacturing various products including books via printing press.

Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)

• Invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age.
• Power of transistors led to transistor radios, electronic circuits, and early computers.

Information Age (1900s-2000s)

• Internet paved the way for faster communication and social networks.
• Advanced use of microelectronics via personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology.

Character

• A person, animal, or anything personified; can be one main character or many.

Plot

• Events that happen in a story that include: introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

Conflict

• Challenge or problem around which the plot is based.

Theme

• Idea, belief, moral, lesson, or insight; the central argument the author is trying to make.

Point-of-View

• First person, second person or third person.
• Limited, multiple, or omniscient narrator.

Tone

• Overall emotional meaning of the story and can be happy, sad, or depressed.
• Portrayed through word choice, grammar, theme, imagery, symbolism, and sounds.

Style

• How things are said (word choices, sentence structure, dialogue, metaphor, simile, hyperbole) and contributes to tone.

Confucianism

• Focuses on ethics and morality, and Mencius 372 to 289 B.C.E. is the best-known Confucian philosopher after Confucius himself.

Buddhism

• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, more than 2,500 years ago in India.
• Scholars estimate about 470 million followers.

Indios

• Native peoples in all the Spanish America and Asia possessions.
• The Chamorros from Mariana Islands were classified as "indios" in the Spanish racial hierarchy.

Evolution

• Gradual changes from simple to complex forms.
• Darwin - Theory of evolution through natural selection that include Variation, Struggle To Exist and Survival of the Fittest
• Outcome of five processes = Mutation, Genetic Recombination, Chromosomal Abnormalities, Reproductive Isolation and Natural Selection

Dryopithecus

• Ancestors of both man and apes, lived in China, Africa, Europe and India.
• Refers to the oak wood apes living in densely forested tropical lowlands, herbivores.

Ramapithecus

• Discovered Remains from the Shivalik range in Punjab and later in Africa and Saudi Arabia.
• Confirmed Hominid status is Thickened tooth enamel, robust jaws and shorter canines & Usage of hands for food/defense.

Australopithecus

• First fossil discovered in 1924 in South Africa.
• Remained on the ground, used stones as weapons, walked erect, were 4 feet tall weighing 60-80 pounds.

Homo Erectus

• First fossil found in Java in 1891, named Pithecanthropus Erectus.
• Used tools, lived in communities, there is evidence of the use of fire and collective huntings.

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

• Evolved from Homo Erectus, cranial capacity grew from 1200 to 1600 cc.
• Neanderthal hunted big names such as mammoths

Homo Sapiens

• Remains first discovered in Europe, jaws reduced, chin appeared, skull rounded.
• Cranial capacity about 1350 cc, they gathered food through hunting, art first appeared.

Media Literacy

• Ability to identify different types of media and the messages they are sending (Tweets, newspapers, magazines..)

Information Literacy

• Ability to find, evaluate, organize, use, and communicate information; in situations requiring decision-making.

Technology Literacy

• Ability to responsibly & effectively use technology tools to access, manage, create, evaluate and communicate information.

Communication Model

• Sender: Initiates conversation and has an idea to convey
• Encoding: Translates information into a message using words or non-verbal methods like symbols, signs, and body gestures.
• Message: Result of encoding which can be symbolic, written, oral, or non-verbal (body gestures, sounds)
• Channel: Medium through which sender conveys message. Oral, virtual, gesture, written, and sound are common mediums.
• Receiver: Person for whom the message is intended, decodes message based on knowledge, trust, and experience to understand the intent.
• Decoding: Receiver interprets the message and understands intent; effective communication occurs when the message is understood the right way.
• Feedback: Ensures receiver has received and correctly interpreted message through verbal or non-verbal responses.
• Noise: Barriers in communications can cause the message to not be received by the recipient.

Modus Ponens

• Deductive argument form where if P is true, then Q is true.
• If today is Tuesday, then John will go to work. Today is Tuesday. Therefore, John will go to work.

Modus Tollens

• If P implies Q, and Q is false, then P is false.
• If being the king implies having a crown, not having a crown implies not being the king.

Direct Proof

• Showing truth/falsehood of a statement via established facts and theorems.

Indirect Proof

• Relies on a contradiction to prove a given conjecture by finding that it is not true, therefore true.

Normal Distribution

• Bell curve, a distribution that occurs naturally in tests like the SAT and GRE.

Inverse

• Shown by f-1(y), the inverse of f(x) = 2x+3 is written: f-1(y) = (y-3)/2

Geometry Formulas

• Diameter = 2r
• Circumference = 2 x π x r
• Area of a Circle = Α = Π x r²
• Square = 4 x side
• Rectangle = 2 x (length + width)
• Parallelogram = 2 × (side1 + side2)
• Triangle = side1 + side2 + side3
• Regular n-polygon = n x side
• Trapezoid = height x (base1 + base2) / 2
• Square = side^2

Two Valued Logic (Math)

• Mathematicians normally use a two-valued logic: Every statement is either True or False. This is called the Law of the Excluded Middle.

Table of Negation

• P is true, its negation -P is false. -P is true, P is false.

Two Valued Logic Math Symbols

• P ∧ Q should be true when both P and Q are true, and false otherwise
• P ∨ Q is true if either P is true or Q is true (or both—remember that we're using "or" in the inclusive sense). It's only false if both P and Q are false.

Bonds

• A contract between two companies that includes a maturity date (date of repayment)

Amortization

• Spreading out a loan into a series of fixed payments.
• Loan is paid off at the end of the payment schedule, with the payment going towards loan balance and some towards interest.

Annuity

• Agreement with an insurance company to accumulate tax-deferred funds for a guaranteed income.

Shares

• Units of equity ownership interest in a corporation that exist as a financial asset and may share any residual profits in the form of dividends.

Stock

• General term to describe ownership certificates of any company. Stocks are of two types—common and preferred.

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

• Statement about the population that is believed to be true unless proven wrong.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

• Contradictory to Ho in which you must decide in the evidence supports it or not.

Asymptote

• Line that the graph of a function approaches as either x or y go to positive or negative infinity (vertical, horizontal and oblique)

Vertical Asymptote

• = x=a

Horizontal Asymptote:

• = y=a

Oblique

• Slant Asymptote: y=mx+b (m≠0)

Probability Distrubution

• A statistical function that describes all the possible values and likelihoods that a random variable can take within a given range.

Standard Deviation

• Measures how spread out the numbers are.

Confidence Intervals:

• Range of values around a statistic believed to contain the true population value with a probability.

Interest Rate:

• A percentage charged on the total amount one borrows or saves, and even a small change in rates can impact finances.

Oceans

• Ocean Facts: covers 70% of the Earth's surface, half has at least 1.86-mile depth, deepest known point at 36,200 feet and the ocean produces 50% of air you breath.
• Earth's Inhabitable Space: 99% open ocean.
• Ocean Zones: Epipelagic (surface-650'), mesopelagic (650'-3,300'), bathypelagic (3,300'-13,000'), abyssopelagic (13,000'-20,000') and hadopelagic zones (20,000' and deeper).

Ocean Exploration

• Humans have only explored 5% of the world's oceans, and humans have impacted every part of the ocean with waste and chemical pollution.

Comets

• Nuclei are loose collections of ice, dust and small rocky particles made of rock, dust, ice and frozen gases.

Meteors and Meteorites

• Meteors or shooting stars.
• The result of meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere (or that of another planet).
• Meteoroid that survives the atmosphere and hits the ground becomes a meteorite

Ecosystem

• Living organisms interacting with each other in a specific environment.

Integumentary System (The Skin)

• Skin is largest system equaling 15-20% body mass that acts as a barrier to agents, regulating temperature, and maintains sensations!

Musculoskeletal System

• Supports/protects internal organs with ribs, skull and spinal cord.
• Bones store minerals (calcium) and create blood cells (marrow subject to diseases)

Muscular System

• Muscle Types: Skeletal actions are caused by nervous system messages. Muscles lacking oxygen cramp, or atrophy when not used.
• Connects to heart and moves food through digestive tract (cardiac and smooth muscles).

Lymphatic System

• The system transports clean fluids in our body back to the blood and drains excess fluids and debris from the tissues and cells of the body!

Respiratory System

• The system supplies our body with oxygen by collecting it in the lungs and disposing of carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

• Breaks down/absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste after absorbing vitamins/minerals.

Nervous System (CNS)

• The entire nervous system including the CNS controls all of the other systems of the body such as digestion.

Endocrine System

• Glands secrete chemicals (hormones) such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

Cardiovascular System

• The heart pumps blood and blood vessels, transport blood everywhere.

Urinary System

• It eliminates waste, maintains fluid volume and normal pH levels of the blood.

Reproductive Systems

• The reproductive system mainly functions to create human life!

Igneous Rocks

• Solidification of molten rock. Intrusive crystallize below Earth while extrusive erupt onto Earth.

Metamorphic Rocks

• Have been modified while buried deep (layered & banded by pressure or nonfoliated without layer or bands).

Sedimentary Rocks

• Formed by the accumulation of sediments (clastic, chemical, or organic sedimentary rocks).

Weathering

• The breakdown or dissolving of rocks by water, plants, animals, and temperature changes.

Equinox

• Word origins point to equal Earth surface radiation when two hemispheres receive sun equally (equal night and day).

Solstice

• The Sun's path being farthest north/south from equator.

Atmosphere

• 78% of the atmosphere, oxygen 21% and argon 0.9%
• Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, and ozone makes up the balance.

Reproduction/Organisms (Fission to Agamogenesis)

• Fission splits cells, Fragmentation breaks an organism, Budding grows a bud while reproduction and agamogenesis don't involve male gametes.

Haploid / Meiosis Terminology

• A cell containing one set of chromosomes or how they divide.

Parthenogenesis Reproduction

• A form of asexual reproduction without fertilization.

Vegetation Reproduction

• New individuals created.

Zygote

• The cell creation after fertilization.

Tropical Weather

• Tropical waves and disturbances with convection leading to tropical cyclones that can be extratropical and remnant low.

Post-Tropical Cyclones:

• Post-tropical cyclones can continue to carry heavy rains and high winds even without tropical characteristics.

Tropical Depression

• Max sustained surface winds that are 38 mph or less.

Tropical Storm

• Max sustained surface winds 39-73 mph.

Hurricane

• Topical Cyclone with winds reaching 74 mph or greater that increase substantially in August.

Storm Surge/Tide

• Abnormal storm and sea level and the difference between that combined surge.

Domain

• The highest level after genetic control, and animals continue down.

Fermenation

• Change in the food and health benefits, like beer and bread.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

• Metabolic process which converts sugars into cellular energy such as sauerkraut, pickles, kimchi, yogurt, and sourdough bread.

Ethanol Fermentation/Alcohol Fermentation

• Yeast breakdown results by producing wine or beer

Acetic Acid Fermentation

• Results by producing starches and sugars like apples and wine

Pyruvic Acid

• Organic acid found in both animal and plant items.

Types of Scientific Alcohols

• Ethanol called alcohol, grain alcohol dissolves in beverages.

Determining a Bond

• lonic = metal/nonmetal with transfer of electrons. Covalent bond = sharing pairs.

Metallic Bond

• Connects Metal atoms into actions such at aluminum.

Polyethylene

• Lightweight durable thermoplastic and a widely produced plastic (films, tubes, plastic parts)