Types of Catalysis

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Questions and Answers

Which type of catalysis involves a catalyst and reactants in the same phase?

  • Homogeneous catalysis (correct)
  • Heterogeneous catalysis
  • Enzyme catalysis
  • Biocatalysis

What is a characteristic of heterogeneous catalysis?

  • High selectivity
  • Difficult separation from the reaction mixture (correct)
  • Operative under mild conditions
  • Same phase between catalyst and reactants

Which biochemical compound is primarily involved in enzyme catalysis?

  • Proteins (correct)
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids

Which type of catalysis is known for its high activity and selectivity?

<p>Enzyme catalysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of homogeneous catalysis?

<p>Same phase between catalyst and reactants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of catalysis is characterized by low environmental friendliness?

<p>Homogeneous catalysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of enzyme catalysis?

<p>Low environmental impact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of catalysis is more eco-friendly and easy to handle?

<p>Heterogeneous catalysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of homogeneous catalysis?

<p>High selectivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of catalysis is characterized by the catalyst existing in a different phase than the reaction mixture?

<p>Heterogeneous catalysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of heterogeneous catalysis in terms of separation from the reaction mixture?

<p>Easy separation and reutilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of catalysis is known for its high activity and selectivity?

<p>Enzyme catalysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between reactants and catalyst in homogeneous catalysis?

<p>They are in the same phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the environmental impact of homogeneous catalysis?

<p>Less environmental friendly due to the formation of toxic products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the catalyst in heterogeneous catalysis?

<p>It is a solid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of biochemical catalysts in the body?

<p>To speed up biochemical reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major reason for the slow reaction between S2O82- and 2Fe2+ in water?

<p>Repulsion between the negative ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Co2(CO)8 in the carbonylation of methanol?

<p>Catalyst (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the hydrolysis of nitramide in the presence of OH- ions?

<p>N2O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NO in the oxidation of SO2?

<p>Intermediate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the catalyst used in the Freidel-Craft's reaction?

<p>Anhydrous AlCl3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using iron(II) as a catalyst in the reaction between S2O82- and 2Fe2+?

<p>To avoid the problem of repulsion between negative ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorine in the decomposition of ozone?

<p>Catalyst (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of homogeneous catalysis?

<p>High selectivity and high reactivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature of the mechanisms of the catalyzed reactions mentioned in the text?

<p>They all involve a catalyst (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase do the reactants and catalyst exist in for heterogeneous catalysis?

<p>Different phases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of catalysis is known for its high activity and high selectivity?

<p>Enzyme catalysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase of the catalyst in most heterogeneous catalysis?

<p>Solid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following catalysis types involves reactants and the catalyst in the same phase?

<p>Homogeneous catalysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of enzyme catalysis in terms of selectivity and activity?

<p>High activity and high selectivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the breakdown of ozone molecules?

<p>We experience more intense UV radiation at the earth's surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the catalyst in homogeneous catalytic processes?

<p>To reduce the activation energy involved in the formation of intermediates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory that explains the mechanism of catalytic reaction?

<p>The theory of activated complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation that represents the acceleration of the catalytic reaction?

<p>e-Ecat/RT / e-Enon-cat/RT = e ΔE/RT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a reduction in activation energy of 10 Kcal/mol in a catalytic reaction at 300K?

<p>The rate will be accelerated by 2.05 x 10^7 times. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intermediate compound formed in the catalytic reaction?

<p>AC and ABC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product formed in the catalytic reaction?

<p>P (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the activated complex formed in the catalytic reaction?

<p>It is highly reactive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Types of Catalysis

  • There are three classes of catalytic reactions: homogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, and enzyme catalysis (biocatalysis).

Homogeneous Catalysis

  • The catalyst is in the same phase as the reaction mixture.
  • Characterized by high selectivity and high activity with maximum selectivity.
  • Operates under mild conditions, i.e., thermal unstable.
  • Difficult separation from the reaction mixture and reutilization of the catalyst is less possible.
  • Less environmental friendly due to the formation of toxic products.
  • Examples include:
    • Reaction between persulphate and iodide ions
    • Carbonylation of methanol
    • Hydrolysis of nitramide in presence of OH- ions
    • Oxidation of SO2 in presence of NO
    • Decomposition of H2O2 in presence of dichromate
    • Freidel-Craft's reaction
    • Decomposition of ozone (hole of ozone)

Heterogeneous Catalysis

  • The catalyst acts in a different phase than the reaction mixture.
  • Characterized by relatively high activity with perhaps low selectivity.
  • Most heterogeneous catalysts are solids that act on reactants in a liquid or gaseous reaction mixture.
  • Easy separation from the reaction mixture and reutilization of the catalyst is possible.
  • Eco-friendly, easy to handle, and can be operated at strong reaction conditions.
  • Most heterogeneous catalysts are solids acting on reactants in a liquid or gaseous phase.

Enzyme Catalysis (Biocatalysis)

  • Biochemical catalysts are helpful to speed up biochemical reactions in the body.
  • Made up of proteins.
  • Characterized by high activity and selectivity.
  • Low environmental impact.
  • Primarily consists of proteins.

Key Concepts

  • The theory of activated complex (intermediate compound theory) can be used to explain the mechanism of the catalytic reaction.
  • The catalyst converts the reactant into an unstable intermediate (a high reactive state).
  • An activated complex is formed due to the interaction between the intermediate compound and the second reactant.
  • The unstable activated complex is relatively slowly dissociated to the final reaction product.
  • The catalytic reaction will be accelerated by a reduction in activation energy.
  • The rate of reaction can be accelerated by a factor of 2.05 x 10^7 times for a reduction in activation energy of 10 Kcal/mol in a catalytic reaction at 300K.

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