121 Questions
Which of the following is an example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
Poison ivy-induced dermatitis
What type of chemicals are commonly associated with Type IV allergic contact dermatitis?
Metals and plant resins
How does Type IV hypersensitivity differ from Type I hypersensitivity?
Type IV involves haptens that react with normal self-proteins in the skin, while Type I involves soluble antigens produced by infectious agents.
What is the main control mechanism for type I allergic responses?
Blocking with antihistamines
What is the characteristic feature of Type IV hypersensitivity?
Mediated by T lymphocytes or is cell mediated
Which of the following diseases is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity?
Hashimoto disease
What are the consequences of Arthus reaction?
Localized tissue destruction and increased vascular permeability
What distinguishes Type IV hypersensitivity from other types of hypersensitivity reactions?
Direct killing by toxins from cytotoxic T cells
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the immune system producing IgE antibodies after initial exposure to an antigen?
Type I
What do mast cells release when activated by IgE in Type I hypersensitivity?
Histamine, serotonin, and leukotrienes
Which type of reaction specifically targets a tissue-specific antigen?
Type II
In which type of hypersensitivity reaction does sensitization occur after initial exposure to an antigen?
Type IV
What can result from severe reactions in Type I hypersensitivity?
Vascular collapse and systemic shock
Which cells release heparin and mediator-neutralizing substances in Type IV hypersensitivity?
Mast cells
What is the primary initiator of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Significant endothelial damage
What effect does Factor V Leiden mutation have on clotting?
Prevents factor V from being inactivated by protein C
What clinical manifestation is commonly associated with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Symmetric cyanosis of the fingers and toes
What characterizes the Factor V Leiden mutation as a hereditary hypercoagulability disorder?
Incomplete dominance in homozygous individuals
What is the role of Protein C, S, and antithrombin III in the clotting system?
Inhibit excessive clotting
What leads to deficiency and a tendency to clot in the clotting system?
Mutation in anticoagulants
Which factor is necessary for the synthesis and regulation of prothrombin, the prothrombin factors (II, VII, XI, X), and proteins C and S?
Vitamin K
What leads to the deficiency of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X in the clotting system?
Liver disease
What is the function of the platelets in homeostasis?
Initiate vasoconstriction and form a platelet plug
Which biochemical is responsible for promoting vasoconstriction and increasing platelet aggregation?
Thromboxane A2
What activates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?
Tissue thromboplastin
Which factor is required throughout the entire clotting sequence?
Factor IV
What is the purpose of a prothrombin time (PT) test?
Measures extrinsic pathway clotting time
What distinguishes coagulation disorders in liver failure?
Elevated PTT and normal PT
What is the main function of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) in hemostasis?
Acts as a bridging molecule for platelet adhesion
What activates the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?
Hageman factor (XII)
What is the purpose of the international normalized ratio (INR) in blood tests?
Normalizes differences in PT test results
Which factor is synthesized in the liver in the presence of vitamin K?
Factor V (Stuart)
What does a prolonged bleeding time usually suggest?
Defect in platelet function
What is the role of ADP in platelet activation?
Stimulates activation of new platelets
What is the likely result of impaired inflammation due to chronic illness on the innate immune system?
Deficient oxidative and bacterial responses
What is a consequence of the thymic size being only 15% of its maximum size by middle age on the innate immune system?
Thymic hormone production drops, as does the organ's ability to mediate T cell differentiation
Which factor contributes to the increased risk of infection in older adults based on the text?
Fat loss and thinning of the skin lead to increased risk for infection
What characterizes the immune function in neonates according to the text?
Neutrophils are not capable of efficient chemotaxis
Which enzyme precursors undergo a cascading chain reaction when activated?
Complement
What is the group of glycoproteins that kill viruses and activate macrophages?
Interferons
Which serum globulin increases during acute tissue injury or inflammation?
C reactive protein
What is the natural antibiotic against bacteria produced by macrophages and neutrophils?
Lysozyme
Which fatty acids may be released by damaged cells?
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
What general term signifies a protein hormone that affects the function of cells near its origin?
Cytokine
What is the primary role of cathelicidins and defensins in the body's defense system?
Directly killing pathogens
Which of the following is a characteristic of the vascular response during inflammation?
Increased blood vessel dilation
What is the primary function of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II in the immune response?
Activate T helper cells
Which of the following accurately describes superantigens (SAGs)?
Activate a large population of T-lymphocytes regardless of antigen specificity
What is the main function of immunogens in the immune system?
Induce production of antibodies or T cells
What is the primary role of IgG antibodies in the immune response?
Transported across the placenta
What distinguishes allergens from other antigens?
Induce allergic responses
What characterizes immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the immune system?
Provides protection from large parasites
Which factor is responsible for inducing a primary response to an antigen in utero?
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
What is the primary function of plasma cells in the immune system?
Secrete a single class or subclass of antibody
What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?
Immediate but non-specific response to pathogens
What is the role of Protein C, S, and antithrombin III in the clotting system?
They inhibit clot formation by inactivating clotting factors
What leads to deficiency and a tendency to clot in the clotting system?
Deficiency of anti-thrombotic proteins
What distinguishes coagulation disorders in liver failure?
Defects in fibrinolysis
What is the main function of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) in hemostasis?
Promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
What is the primary initiator of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Endothelial damage
What is the consequence of Factor V Leiden mutation in the clotting system?
Prevents protein C inactivation
What is the main effect of activating the fibrinolytic system in a critically ill patient?
Elevated FDP and D-dimer levels
How does the amount of activated thrombin contribute to the development of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Exceeds the body’s antithrombins
What is the primary role of Thromboxane A2 in hemostasis?
Induces vasoconstriction and promotes platelet aggregation
Which factor is required for the activation of the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?
Factor XII
What distinguishes the extrinsic pathway from the intrinsic pathway in the coagulation cascade?
The type of injury that activates the pathway
Which biochemical is responsible for promoting vasoconstriction and increasing platelet aggregation?
Thromboxane A2
What is the main function of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) in hemostasis?
To initiate platelet-to-platelet interactions
What is the function of the platelets in homeostasis?
To help regulate blood flow into a damaged site and initiate repair processes
What is the purpose of the international normalized ratio (INR) in blood tests?
To distinguish extrinsic from intrinsic coagulation disorders
What activates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?
Vasculature injury leading to vasoconstriction
What does a prolonged bleeding time usually suggest?
(BT) assesses plt function indicating a defect in plt function
What general term signifies a protein hormone that affects the function of cells near its origin?
Cytokine
Which serum globulin increases during acute tissue injury or inflammation?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
What leads to deficiency and a tendency to clot in the clotting system?
Factor V Leiden mutation
Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is characterized by the progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms and may lead to the onset of disease?
Stage of exhaustion (allostatic overload)
What triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and activates the sympathetic nervous system in the alarm stage of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
Adrenaline
Which hormone contributes to the mobilization that contributes to fight or flight in the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
Cortisol
What initiates the central nervous system and endocrine system's stress response in the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
What is the role of cortisol in the stress response?
Elevating the blood glucose level
How does stress affect immune cell functions?
Causing decreased B-cell function
What is the impact of stress on the immune system?
Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels
How does stress affect post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and phobias according to the text?
Potentially causing PTSD and phobias
What characterizes immune complex disease?
Presence of immune complexes in the blood vessels, joints, and kidneys
What happens in Arthus reaction?
Increased vascular permeability and accumulation of neutrophils
What is the characteristic feature of Type IV hypersensitivity?
Mediated by T lymphocytes or is cell-mediated
What is the consequence of cryoglobulins deposition in the fingers, toes, and nose?
Pallor and numbness followed by cyanosis and gangrene if not restored
What is the main regulatory hormone for the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin
Which organ primarily produces erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels?
Kidneys
In what way does erythropoietin help regulate the balance between red blood cell production and destruction?
It stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
What percentage of newly produced red blood cells are regulated by erythropoietin each day?
Nearly 100%
How does erythropoietin influence the life cycle of red blood cells?
It stimulates the bone marrow to produce new RBCs to replace old ones
What is the primary mechanism through which erythropoietin influences red blood cell production?
Stimulating erythroblasts to differentiate into red blood cells
How does erythropoietin help ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to tissues?
By enhancing the delivery of oxygen through increased red blood cell production
What happens to erythroblasts in response to stimulation by erythropoietin?
They differentiate into mature red blood cells
What is the consequence of impaired erythropoietin production in response to hypoxia?
Reduced red blood cell production
How does erythropoietin contribute to maintaining a balance between red blood cell production and destruction?
By promoting the release of stored iron for RBC production
What role does erythropoietin play in tissue oxygenation?
It increases red blood cell deformability for better gas diffusion
What is the primary action of erythropoietin on bone marrow?
It enhances differentiation of erythroblasts into RBCs
What is the role of erythropoietin in the body?
It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow
What is the function of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia?
It increases the production of red blood cells to improve oxygen-carrying capacity
How does erythropoietin affect iron absorption in the body?
It has no direct effect on iron absorption in the body
Which of the following best describes the action of erythropoietin?
It regulates erythrocyte production in response to low oxygen levels
What is the main effect of erythropoietin on bone marrow progenitor cells?
It promotes their differentiation into red blood cells
How does erythropoietin contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating red blood cell production during periods of hypoxia
What effect does erythropoietin have on thrombocytes (platelets)?
It enhances their production in the bone marrow and storage in the spleen
How does erythropoietin affect megakaryocytes?
It has no direct effect on megakaryocytes
What is the relationship between erythropoietin and anemia?
It can be used as a treatment for certain types of anemia
How does erythropoietin contribute to cellular oxygenation?
By increasing red blood cell production in response to hypoxia
What is the primary action of erythropoietin on peripheral lymphoid organs?
It stimulates further maturation of B-cell lineage cells
How does erythropoietin affect bone marrow progenitor cells?
It stimulates their differentiation into B-cell lineage cells
What is the hormone that is released from the kidney in response to low renal oxygenation?
Erythropoietin
Which cells are stimulated by erythropoietin to form proerythroblasts?
Stem cells
What is the main effect of erythropoietin on bone marrow progenitor cells?
Faster differentiation into mature cells
What triggers the release of erythropoietin?
Low renal oxygenation
What is the lifespan of erythropoietin in the plasma?
1-2 hours
Which organ primarily produces erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels?
Kidney
What characterizes the development of reticulocytes from erythroblasts?
$Decrease in polyribosomes$
What is the primary mechanism through which erythropoietin influences red blood cell production?
$Stimulating stem cell proliferation$
What is the consequence of impaired inflammation due to chronic illness on erythropoiesis?
$Decreased erythrocyte synthesis$
What leads to deficiency and a tendency to clot in the clotting system?
$Decreased coagulation factors$
Hematology and immune systems
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