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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

  • Allergic rhinitis
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Type II drug allergy
  • Poison ivy-induced dermatitis (correct)

    • What type of chemicals are commonly associated with Type IV allergic contact dermatitis?

  • Metals and plant resins (correct)
  • Milk and eggs
  • Antibiotics (PCN, sulfonamides)
  • Certain drugs

    • How does Type IV hypersensitivity differ from Type I hypersensitivity?

  • Type IV involves haptens that react with normal self-proteins in the skin, while Type I involves soluble antigens produced by infectious agents. (correct)
  • Type IV manifestations include vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, while Type I involves conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and asthma.
  • Type IV is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), while Type I is controlled by biochemical mediators like epinephrine and acetylcholine.
  • Type IV results in an IgG or IgM response, while Type I results in anaphylaxis.

    • What is the main control mechanism for type I allergic responses?

    <p>Blocking with antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Type IV hypersensitivity?

    <p>Mediated by T lymphocytes or is cell mediated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity?

    <p>Hashimoto disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of Arthus reaction?

    <p>Localized tissue destruction and increased vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Type IV hypersensitivity from other types of hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Direct killing by toxins from cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the immune system producing IgE antibodies after initial exposure to an antigen?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do mast cells release when activated by IgE in Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Histamine, serotonin, and leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction specifically targets a tissue-specific antigen?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of hypersensitivity reaction does sensitization occur after initial exposure to an antigen?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from severe reactions in Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Vascular collapse and systemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells release heparin and mediator-neutralizing substances in Type IV hypersensitivity?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary initiator of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Significant endothelial damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Factor V Leiden mutation have on clotting?

    <p>Prevents factor V from being inactivated by protein C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical manifestation is commonly associated with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Symmetric cyanosis of the fingers and toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Factor V Leiden mutation as a hereditary hypercoagulability disorder?

    <p>Incomplete dominance in homozygous individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Protein C, S, and antithrombin III in the clotting system?

    <p>Inhibit excessive clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to deficiency and a tendency to clot in the clotting system?

    <p>Mutation in anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is necessary for the synthesis and regulation of prothrombin, the prothrombin factors (II, VII, XI, X), and proteins C and S?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the deficiency of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X in the clotting system?

    <p>Liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the platelets in homeostasis?

    <p>Initiate vasoconstriction and form a platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biochemical is responsible for promoting vasoconstriction and increasing platelet aggregation?

    <p>Thromboxane A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Tissue thromboplastin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is required throughout the entire clotting sequence?

    <p>Factor IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a prothrombin time (PT) test?

    <p>Measures extrinsic pathway clotting time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes coagulation disorders in liver failure?

    <p>Elevated PTT and normal PT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) in hemostasis?

    <p>Acts as a bridging molecule for platelet adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Hageman factor (XII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the international normalized ratio (INR) in blood tests?

    <p>Normalizes differences in PT test results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is synthesized in the liver in the presence of vitamin K?

    <p>Factor V (Stuart)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a prolonged bleeding time usually suggest?

    <p>Defect in platelet function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ADP in platelet activation?

    <p>Stimulates activation of new platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely result of impaired inflammation due to chronic illness on the innate immune system?

    <p>Deficient oxidative and bacterial responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the thymic size being only 15% of its maximum size by middle age on the innate immune system?

    <p>Thymic hormone production drops, as does the organ's ability to mediate T cell differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the increased risk of infection in older adults based on the text?

    <p>Fat loss and thinning of the skin lead to increased risk for infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the immune function in neonates according to the text?

    <p>Neutrophils are not capable of efficient chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme precursors undergo a cascading chain reaction when activated?

    <p>Complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the group of glycoproteins that kill viruses and activate macrophages?

    <p>Interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serum globulin increases during acute tissue injury or inflammation?

    <p>C reactive protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural antibiotic against bacteria produced by macrophages and neutrophils?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acids may be released by damaged cells?

    <p>Prostaglandins and leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general term signifies a protein hormone that affects the function of cells near its origin?

    <p>Cytokine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cathelicidins and defensins in the body's defense system?

    <p>Directly killing pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the vascular response during inflammation?

    <p>Increased blood vessel dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II in the immune response?

    <p>Activate T helper cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes superantigens (SAGs)?

    <p>Activate a large population of T-lymphocytes regardless of antigen specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of immunogens in the immune system?

    <p>Induce production of antibodies or T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of IgG antibodies in the immune response?

    <p>Transported across the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes allergens from other antigens?

    <p>Induce allergic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the immune system?

    <p>Provides protection from large parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is responsible for inducing a primary response to an antigen in utero?

    <p>Immunoglobulin M (IgM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma cells in the immune system?

    <p>Secrete a single class or subclass of antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?

    <p>Immediate but non-specific response to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Protein C, S, and antithrombin III in the clotting system?

    <p>They inhibit clot formation by inactivating clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to deficiency and a tendency to clot in the clotting system?

    <p>Deficiency of anti-thrombotic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes coagulation disorders in liver failure?

    <p>Defects in fibrinolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) in hemostasis?

    <p>Promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary initiator of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Endothelial damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Factor V Leiden mutation in the clotting system?

    <p>Prevents protein C inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of activating the fibrinolytic system in a critically ill patient?

    <p>Elevated FDP and D-dimer levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the amount of activated thrombin contribute to the development of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Exceeds the body’s antithrombins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Thromboxane A2 in hemostasis?

    <p>Induces vasoconstriction and promotes platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is required for the activation of the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Factor XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the extrinsic pathway from the intrinsic pathway in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>The type of injury that activates the pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biochemical is responsible for promoting vasoconstriction and increasing platelet aggregation?

    <p>Thromboxane A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) in hemostasis?

    <p>To initiate platelet-to-platelet interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the platelets in homeostasis?

    <p>To help regulate blood flow into a damaged site and initiate repair processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the international normalized ratio (INR) in blood tests?

    <p>To distinguish extrinsic from intrinsic coagulation disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Vasculature injury leading to vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a prolonged bleeding time usually suggest?

    <p>(BT) assesses plt function indicating a defect in plt function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general term signifies a protein hormone that affects the function of cells near its origin?

    <p>Cytokine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serum globulin increases during acute tissue injury or inflammation?

    <p>C-Reactive Protein (CRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to deficiency and a tendency to clot in the clotting system?

    <p>Factor V Leiden mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is characterized by the progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms and may lead to the onset of disease?

    <p>Stage of exhaustion (allostatic overload)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and activates the sympathetic nervous system in the alarm stage of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone contributes to the mobilization that contributes to fight or flight in the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the central nervous system and endocrine system's stress response in the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

    <p>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cortisol in the stress response?

    <p>Elevating the blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress affect immune cell functions?

    <p>Causing decreased B-cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of stress on the immune system?

    <p>Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress affect post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and phobias according to the text?

    <p>Potentially causing PTSD and phobias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes immune complex disease?

    <p>Presence of immune complexes in the blood vessels, joints, and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in Arthus reaction?

    <p>Increased vascular permeability and accumulation of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Type IV hypersensitivity?

    <p>Mediated by T lymphocytes or is cell-mediated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cryoglobulins deposition in the fingers, toes, and nose?

    <p>Pallor and numbness followed by cyanosis and gangrene if not restored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main regulatory hormone for the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ primarily produces erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does erythropoietin help regulate the balance between red blood cell production and destruction?

    <p>It stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of newly produced red blood cells are regulated by erythropoietin each day?

    <p>Nearly 100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does erythropoietin influence the life cycle of red blood cells?

    <p>It stimulates the bone marrow to produce new RBCs to replace old ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which erythropoietin influences red blood cell production?

    <p>Stimulating erythroblasts to differentiate into red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does erythropoietin help ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to tissues?

    <p>By enhancing the delivery of oxygen through increased red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to erythroblasts in response to stimulation by erythropoietin?

    <p>They differentiate into mature red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of impaired erythropoietin production in response to hypoxia?

    <p>Reduced red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does erythropoietin contribute to maintaining a balance between red blood cell production and destruction?

    <p>By promoting the release of stored iron for RBC production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does erythropoietin play in tissue oxygenation?

    <p>It increases red blood cell deformability for better gas diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of erythropoietin on bone marrow?

    <p>It enhances differentiation of erythroblasts into RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of erythropoietin in the body?

    <p>It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia?

    <p>It increases the production of red blood cells to improve oxygen-carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does erythropoietin affect iron absorption in the body?

    <p>It has no direct effect on iron absorption in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the action of erythropoietin?

    <p>It regulates erythrocyte production in response to low oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of erythropoietin on bone marrow progenitor cells?

    <p>It promotes their differentiation into red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does erythropoietin contribute to homeostasis?

    <p>By regulating red blood cell production during periods of hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does erythropoietin have on thrombocytes (platelets)?

    <p>It enhances their production in the bone marrow and storage in the spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does erythropoietin affect megakaryocytes?

    <p>It has no direct effect on megakaryocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between erythropoietin and anemia?

    <p>It can be used as a treatment for certain types of anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does erythropoietin contribute to cellular oxygenation?

    <p>By increasing red blood cell production in response to hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of erythropoietin on peripheral lymphoid organs?

    <p>It stimulates further maturation of B-cell lineage cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does erythropoietin affect bone marrow progenitor cells?

    <p>It stimulates their differentiation into B-cell lineage cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone that is released from the kidney in response to low renal oxygenation?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are stimulated by erythropoietin to form proerythroblasts?

    <p>Stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of erythropoietin on bone marrow progenitor cells?

    <p>Faster differentiation into mature cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of erythropoietin?

    <p>Low renal oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of erythropoietin in the plasma?

    <p>1-2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ primarily produces erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the development of reticulocytes from erythroblasts?

    <p>$Decrease in polyribosomes$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which erythropoietin influences red blood cell production?

    <p>$Stimulating stem cell proliferation$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of impaired inflammation due to chronic illness on erythropoiesis?

    <p>$Decreased erythrocyte synthesis$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to deficiency and a tendency to clot in the clotting system?

    <p>$Decreased coagulation factors$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Type IV Hypersensitivity

    • Type IV hypersensitivity is delayed-type, mediated by T cells rather than antibodies.
    • Example diseases include poison ivy dermatitis and certain autoimmune disorders.
    • Characteristic feature is tissue damage due to cell-mediated immune response, typically taking hours to days after exposure.
    • Common chemicals associated with allergic contact dermatitis are haptens, such as nickel, latex, or certain fragrances.

    Comparison of Hypersensitivity Types

    • Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies produced upon initial exposure; Type IV does not involve antibodies but T cell activation.
    • Major control mechanism for Type I responses is the release of histamines and other mediators from mast cells, triggered by allergens.
    • Arthus reaction results in localized tissue necrosis due to immune complex deposition, causing vasculitis and inflammation.

    Coagulation and Hemostasis

    • The primary initiator of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is often sepsis or trauma.
    • Factor V Leiden mutation increases clotting risk due to resistance to activated protein C.
    • Common clinical manifestation of DIC includes bleeding, organ dysfunction, and microvascular thrombosis.
    • Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) facilitates platelet adhesion to vascular injury, essential in hemostasis.

    Immune Response and Inflammation

    • Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II presents antigens to helper T cells, crucial for adaptive response.
    • Immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays a key role in allergic reactions and binds to allergens, causing histamine release when cross-linked with mast cells.
    • The vascular response during inflammation includes increased blood flow and permeability, leading to redness and swelling.

    Erythropoietin and Red Blood Cell Regulation

    • Erythropoietin is produced primarily by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels, regulating red blood cell production.
    • Approximately 90% of new red blood cell production is influenced by erythropoietin daily.
    • Stimulation by erythropoietin prompts erythroblasts in the bone marrow to differentiate into red blood cells, enhancing tissue oxygenation.

    Stress and Immune Function

    • Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, influencing immune responses and potentially leading to dysfunction.
    • Cortisol, a stress hormone, modifies immune cell function, which may impair immune responses during chronic stress.
    • Impaired inflammation from chronic illness can diminish the innate immune system's effectiveness, increasing infection risk in older adults.

    General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

    • The exhaustion stage of GAS includes progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms, possibly leading to disease.
    • Alarm stage triggers include activation of the sympathetic nervous system and release of stress hormones, facilitating fight or flight responses.

    Coagulation Disorders and Liver Function

    • Liver failure impairs synthesis of clotting factors, distinguishing coagulation disorders.
    • Prothrombin Time (PT) tests measure how well and quickly blood clots, used to assess coagulation status, particularly in liver disease or anticoagulant therapy.

    Platelet Activation and Function

    • ADP is a critical molecule in platelet activation, promoting aggregation and secretion of granules.
    • Thromboxane A2 promotes vasoconstriction and enhances platelet aggregation, crucial for hemostasis.

    Responses to Allergens

    • Allergens differ from other antigens as they trigger IgE responses primarily through exposure routes like inhalation or skin contact, leading to hypersensitivity reactions.
    • Superantigens can activate a large number of T cells, contributing to a strong immune response similar to natural infections.

    Immune Complex Disease and Inflammation

    • Immune complex disease results from accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes, leading to tissue damage and inflammation.
    • Cryoglobulin deposition can cause tissue ischemia in extremities, leading to pain and potential necrosis.

    Natural Antimicrobial Factors

    • Cathelicidins and defensins are antimicrobial peptides that play a role in the innate immune response by directly killing pathogens and modulating inflammation.

    Neutrophils and the Immune System

    • Neutrophils produce defensins as natural antibiotics, contributing to the first line of defense against bacterial infections.
    • Chronic illness and aging negatively affect both the adaptive and innate immune responses, increasing vulnerability.

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