Types de Cellules

Prokaryotic Cells: Lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Contains a nucleoid (DNA), cytoplasm, mesosome, plasmid, flagella, pili, capsule, and ribosomes.

Yeast and fungi Cells: Includes features of both plant and animal cells. Shown with drawings including cell wall, mitochondrion, vacuole, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and ribosomes.

Plant Cells: Possess a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, in addition to features like the nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles like ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Also shown with drawings depicting details of the plant cell.

Animal Cells: Lack a cell wall, instead having only a plasma membrane, and contain a variety of organelles including the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and others. Show with a drawing depicting the main components.

Prokaryotic Cell Fractionation: A visual presentation shows the separation of a gram-negative prokaryotic cell into its components, including cytoplasm, inner and outer membranes, periplasm, and other localized elements. Provides specifics of protein concentration in each component.

Cell Disruption Methods: Different ways to disrupt cells with explanations of the methods including physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods. Explanations show how the different types of cells (prokaryotic, plant, yeast, animal) react to cell disruption. Highlighting the importance of the host cell's physical strength, chemical composition, and structural organization in selecting suitable methods.

Thermolysis: A straightforward and affordable method for thermostable products, involving heating to disrupt cellular integrity without affecting the product—crucial for cellular disruption for isolating components.
Osmotic Shock: Changing the osmotic pressure to induce cell lysis and release the product. The process depends on the type of cell, concentration of external solutes, and temperature.
Sonication: Using high-frequency sound waves to create cavitation bubbles in the liquid to disrupt cell walls, which is useful for some cell-type disruption for isolating components, but is not always ideal for all cells.

Alkali Treatment: A harsh chemical method of cell disruption that typically saponifies lipids and interferes with lipid packing, potentially affecting cell wall integrity.
Detergent: Detergents cause lipid solubilization, forming micelles. The concentration needed for this action is known as the critical micelle concentration (CMC).
Permeabilization: Partially disrupting cell walls with solvents like toluene to allow for use as a reaction vessel without major destruction of cell contents.

Enzyme Digestion: This gentle method often employs lysozyme or other enzymes to break cell walls, ideal for carefully isolating components. Effective for releasing intracellular components, it requires carefully considering the types of enzymes necessary for cell-type-specific disruption.

Waring Blender/Mortar and Pestle: These methods effectively disrupt cells, useful in simple lab setups for a variety of cell types. More effective for animal and plant tissues as well as filamentous organisms.
Bead Mills: Equipment comprising a grinding cylinder with beads that move in clockwise or anti-clockwise rotation to induce shear forces and disrupt cells. A method ideal for industrial-scale cell disruption, specifically useful for animal and plant tissues and filamentous organisms.
High-Pressure Homogenizers: Equipment using high pressure to impact and disrupt the cell components. Suitable for industrial-scale cell disruption and a key tool for various cell types, especially in research environments.

Differential Centrifugation: Separates cell components based on size and density differences, using different centrifugation speeds and times to collect various cellular fractions. Used to isolate components of various cell types.
Density Gradient Centrifugation: This powerful method separates particles according to their density, forming layers in a density gradient, useful for separating cell component fractions in complex systems like cells.

Periplasmic Fraction Isolation: Steps include cell harvesting, supernatant removal, resuspension, incubation, centrifugation, and transferring supernatant.
Cytosolic Fraction Isolation: Steps involve cell harvesting, resuspension in buffer, sonication, centrifugation, and finally collecting the supernatant.
Other Cell Fractionation Methods: Diagrams illustrate the procedures and considerations for isolating diverse organelles, like ribosomes or mitochondria, after the process of mechanical disruption.

Eukaryotic Cell Fractionation: Diagram shows the general method for fractionating eukaryotic cells into components like the plasma membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, as well as the cytosol.

Animal Cells organelle list: Includes a list of typical eukaryotic cell organelles present in animal cells, including the nucleus, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, and lysosome.
Plant Cells organelle list: Includes a list of organelles like the nucleus, plasma membrane (also called cell membrane), endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, and chloroplasts. Differentiation from animal cells is highlighted.

Centrifuge Types: Images show different types of centrifuges based on the specific application. Includes examples for general use, high-speed, and ultracentrifuges for different applications in cell biology.

Densities of Biological Materials: A table compiles the densities of various biological materials like microbial cells, mammalian cells, organelles, DNA, and RNA for reference and comparative uses in fractionations.

Density Gradient Centrifugation Procedure: This detailed method is illustrated as particles migrate through a sucrose gradient, resulting in bands or zones corresponding to distinct densities, and allowing for isolation of different components based on these distinct densities within the biological sample.
Density Gradient Centrifugation Collection: Procedures for collecting separated fractions from a density gradient after centrifugation and illustrations of the methods for separating cells for different components.