Theories of Crime Expanded SUMMARY
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Questions and Answers

Which type of studies are commonly used to distinguish genetic from environmental factors in biological theories of crime?

  • Experimental studies
  • Case studies
  • Twin and adoption studies (correct)
  • Survey studies
  • According to Yochelson and Samenow's Theory of Criminal Thinking, how do criminals become criminals?

  • As a result of societal influences
  • As a result of their upbringing (correct)
  • As a result of random chance
  • As a result of genetic factors
  • According to Eysenck's Theory of Personality Dimensions, which personality dimension is associated with a higher risk for criminality?

  • Psychoticism (correct)
  • Neuroticism
  • Extroversion
  • Conscientiousness
  • According to Bowlby's Attachment Theory, what accounts for a majority of the more intractable cases of delinquency and repetitive crime?

    <p>Parental rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, what is the motive behind a criminal's compulsive need for punishment?

    <p>To alleviate feelings of guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social-psychological theories of crime, what is the main factor that controls crime according to Walter Reckless's containment theory?

    <p>External containment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Edwin H. Sutherland's differential association approach, what is required for criminal behavior to occur?

    <p>Socialization into a system of values conducive to violating the law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sociological theories of crime emphasize?

    <p>The societal conditions that enable crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of structural explanation in sociological theories of crime?

    <p>The chronic barriers to conventional success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the theory of differential opportunity suggest about lower socioeconomic subcultures?

    <p>They have limited access to legal means of goal achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one outgrowth of the sequence described in the theory of differential opportunity?

    <p>Youthful crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitations does the theory of differential opportunity have?

    <p>Lower-class youth display many differences from their law-abiding counterparts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to be true about lower-class youth and limited success in school?

    <p>They find it less frustrating than middle-class youngsters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sociological theories of crime further divide into?

    <p>Structural and subcultural explanations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Albert Bandura, most human behavior is learned through

    <p>Observation and modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three social contexts in which aggression can be modeled are

    <p>Familial influences, subcultural influences, and symbolic models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who wrote the book 'Crime and Human Nature' that is an example of a multiple-component learning theory?

    <p>James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein, whether a crime is committed depends on

    <p>The net ratio of gains and losses for criminal and noncriminal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Social Labeling Theory, deviance is created by

    <p>Society's official reactions to the act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primary deviance?

    <p>The criminal's actual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is secondary deviance?

    <p>Society's reaction to the criminal's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Albert Bandura, what is the main way in which most human behavior is learned?

    <p>Observation and modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein, what determines whether a crime is committed?

    <p>The net ratio of gains and losses for criminal and noncriminal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposes that lower-class adolescent gangs engage in criminal behavior in order to achieve the ends valued in their culture through behaviors that appear best suited to obtain those ends?

    <p>Subcultural Explanation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes chronic barriers to conventional success faced by certain individuals, such as cultural and language differences, financial hardships, and limited access to resources crucial to upward mobility?

    <p>Structural Barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that a conflict of norms held by different groups causes criminal behavior, particularly when various groups endorse subcultural norms that pressure their members to deviate from the norms underlying the criminal law?

    <p>Anomie Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that life without moral or social obligations becomes intolerable and can result in a feeling of normlessness called anomie, which often precedes suicide and crime?

    <p>Anomie Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposes that genetic factors influence criminal behavior, particularly through neurotransmitters like serotonin and certain brain structures responsible for behavioral inhibition, planning, and decision making?

    <p>Genetic Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that hereditary factors influence criminal behavior, particularly through neurotransmitters like serotonin and certain brain structures responsible for monitoring behavioral inhibition, planning, and decision making?

    <p>Genetic Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposes that both genetic and environmental factors can interact to influence criminal behavior, specifically involving a mutation on the X chromosome in the gene coding for MAOA, in combination with maltreatment as a child?

    <p>MAOA Gene Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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