30 Questions
Which type of studies are commonly used to distinguish genetic from environmental factors in biological theories of crime?
Twin and adoption studies
According to Yochelson and Samenow's Theory of Criminal Thinking, how do criminals become criminals?
As a result of their upbringing
According to Eysenck's Theory of Personality Dimensions, which personality dimension is associated with a higher risk for criminality?
Psychoticism
According to Bowlby's Attachment Theory, what accounts for a majority of the more intractable cases of delinquency and repetitive crime?
Parental rejection
According to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, what is the motive behind a criminal's compulsive need for punishment?
To alleviate feelings of guilt
According to social-psychological theories of crime, what is the main factor that controls crime according to Walter Reckless's containment theory?
External containment
According to Edwin H. Sutherland's differential association approach, what is required for criminal behavior to occur?
Socialization into a system of values conducive to violating the law
What do sociological theories of crime emphasize?
The societal conditions that enable crime
What is the main focus of structural explanation in sociological theories of crime?
The chronic barriers to conventional success
What does the theory of differential opportunity suggest about lower socioeconomic subcultures?
They have limited access to legal means of goal achievement
What is one outgrowth of the sequence described in the theory of differential opportunity?
Youthful crime
What limitations does the theory of differential opportunity have?
Lower-class youth display many differences from their law-abiding counterparts
What is likely to be true about lower-class youth and limited success in school?
They find it less frustrating than middle-class youngsters
What do sociological theories of crime further divide into?
Structural and subcultural explanations
According to Albert Bandura, most human behavior is learned through
Observation and modeling
The three social contexts in which aggression can be modeled are
Familial influences, subcultural influences, and symbolic models
Who wrote the book 'Crime and Human Nature' that is an example of a multiple-component learning theory?
James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein
According to James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein, whether a crime is committed depends on
The net ratio of gains and losses for criminal and noncriminal behavior
According to the Social Labeling Theory, deviance is created by
Society's official reactions to the act
What is primary deviance?
The criminal's actual behavior
What is secondary deviance?
Society's reaction to the criminal's behavior
According to Albert Bandura, what is the main way in which most human behavior is learned?
Observation and modeling
According to James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein, what determines whether a crime is committed?
The net ratio of gains and losses for criminal and noncriminal behavior
Which theory proposes that lower-class adolescent gangs engage in criminal behavior in order to achieve the ends valued in their culture through behaviors that appear best suited to obtain those ends?
Subcultural Explanation
Which theory emphasizes chronic barriers to conventional success faced by certain individuals, such as cultural and language differences, financial hardships, and limited access to resources crucial to upward mobility?
Structural Barriers
Which theory suggests that a conflict of norms held by different groups causes criminal behavior, particularly when various groups endorse subcultural norms that pressure their members to deviate from the norms underlying the criminal law?
Anomie Theory
Which theory suggests that life without moral or social obligations becomes intolerable and can result in a feeling of normlessness called anomie, which often precedes suicide and crime?
Anomie Theory
Which theory proposes that genetic factors influence criminal behavior, particularly through neurotransmitters like serotonin and certain brain structures responsible for behavioral inhibition, planning, and decision making?
Genetic Factors
Which theory suggests that hereditary factors influence criminal behavior, particularly through neurotransmitters like serotonin and certain brain structures responsible for monitoring behavioral inhibition, planning, and decision making?
Genetic Factors
Which theory proposes that both genetic and environmental factors can interact to influence criminal behavior, specifically involving a mutation on the X chromosome in the gene coding for MAOA, in combination with maltreatment as a child?
MAOA Gene Mutation
Test your knowledge on twin and adoption studies in biological research! Discover how researchers use these studies to distinguish between genetic and environmental factors. Learn about concordance rates and how they differ between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
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