Turkish Political History 1960s-1980s

<p>Withdrawal of NATO support in case of Soviet attack (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creation of a separate Northern Cyprus entity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They operated without Turkish legal restrictions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug addiction and opium production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic crisis and political violence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic stagnation and rising unemployment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>State Planning Organization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Import-substitute industrialization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rising energy prices and shortages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most production by state-run companies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cutting state expenditure and loosening import restrictions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing unemployment and economic stagnation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By seeking foreign investment for expertise and technical knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Successes in negotiating workers' rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political appointments instead of merit-based hiring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political anarchy and increasing violence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formed a cabinet of non-political technocrats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extended the authority of the National Security Council (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to stop political violence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bloody conflicts between rightist and leftist groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exacerbated political violence and instability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bloody May 1 incident in Taksim Square (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detention and torture of leftist activists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant industrialization and urban migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were initially viewed as 'guest workers' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Germany's need for workforce post-war (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maraş and Çorum massacres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bülent Ecevit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arrested leaders of the Democratic Party (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bicameralism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cemal Gürsel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Justice Party (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nation-state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bülent Ecevit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rise of the Justice Party (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-leftist and nationalist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advised the government on domestic and foreign policy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Demonstrations by workers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radical left and radical right movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conflicting views on socialist strategies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discussion on socialist ideas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A military takeover that occurred on May 27, 1960, in Turkey. The National Unity Committee assumed control of the country, dissolving the Democratic Party and arresting its leaders.

A group of army officers who seized power in the 1960 coup. They aimed to restore order and reform the government.

The new president of Turkey after the 1960 coup. He sought to establish a more stable and democratic system.

The process of removing individuals from positions of power or authority, often due to political or ideological reasons. This was common in the aftermath of the 1960 coup.

A new constitution drafted in 1961 after the 1960 coup. It aimed to establish a more balanced and democratic government.

The principle that divides governmental power among different branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. This was a key feature of the 1961 Constitution.

A council established by the 1961 Constitution. It advises the government on national security issues, including domestic and foreign policy.

The system of having two legislative chambers, such as the Republican Senate and the National Assembly. This was brought about by the 1961 Constitution.

The Justice Party, founded in 1961, became a key political force. It emphasized traditional values and economic growth.

A political leader who guided the Justice Party, emphasizing traditional values and anti-communism. He became popular for his economic policies.

The Republican People's Party, a key political force. Under Bülent Ecevit, it shifted its focus towards social justice and embraced a “left of center” ideology.

The leader who brought about a change in the Republican People's Party. He emphasized social justice and a more leftist ideology.

The Workers' Party of Turkey was one of the early socialist parties in Turkey. It attracted intellectual support and sought to represent working-class interests.

The Nationalist Action Party, founded in 1969. It emphasized Turkish nationalism and national unity, often opposing leftist ideas.

The National Order Party, founded in 1970. It criticized the Justice Party for favoring big businesses and sought to represent the interests of small businesses.

It aimed to replace foreign imports with domestic goods, promoting national industries and lessen reliance on external products.

This organization was established in 1960 to plan Turkey's economic development, often creating five-year plans to guide industrialization.

The US provided financial aid during the Cold War, emphasizing Turkey's role in NATO and as an American ally.

These are a result of a lack of competition in the Turkish market and an emphasis on domestic consumption, causing a shortfall in Turkish exports.

The OPEC oil crisis in the 1970s caused a dramatic increase in oil prices, putting a strain on Turkish finances.

A period of gradual economic decline in Europe after the mid-1970s, leading to resentment towards immigrants.

These unions negotiated with industrialists to improve worker rights, leading to new social security policies and protection for workers.

These were implemented by workers' movements in the 1970s, impacting working hours, child labor restrictions, and social security for workers.

Foreign investors provided expertise and technical knowledge, leading to dependence on foreign experts and financial help.

The Turkish military played a role in industrialization, leading to state-run companies becoming significant players in the economy.

The military intervened in Turkish politics in 1971, demanding a strong government to tackle social and economic reforms. They threatened to overthrow the government if their demands weren't met.

The military's ultimatum in 1971 led to the formation of a new government under Prime Minister Nihat Erim, composed of non-political technocrats. This government focused on implementing economic reforms to strengthen Turkish industrialization.

In 1971, martial law was declared in major Turkish cities due to ongoing conflicts between right-wing and left-wing groups. Soldiers patrolled the streets, and leftists, including academics and politicians, were detained and often tortured. This period marked a crackdown on dissent.

Nihat Erim's government shifted further to the right in 1972, aligning itself with right-wing deputies. This move increased the influence of Süleyman Demirel, who was a prominent right-wing politician. This shift marked a conservative turn in Turkish politics.

The Turkish constitution was revised in 1972 to reflect a more conservative approach. This involved limiting university autonomy, restricting broadcasting, and curtailing individual and collective freedoms. The National Security Council's power was expanded, and special courts were established to deal with security threats.

Bülent Ecevit, the new leader of the Republican People's Party (RPP), criticized the military's intervention in politics and the government's antidemocratic policies. Ecevit's stance made the RPP popular and helped them become the first party in the 1973 elections.

Ecevit's RPP formed a coalition government with Necmettin Erbakan's National Salvation Party (MSP) in 1974. Both parties opposed American and European economic influence, reflecting a growing nationalist sentiment in Turkey.

The political climate in Turkey from 1974 to 1980 was characterized by a series of unstable coalition governments, mainly led by either Ecevit or Demirel. These governments struggled to resolve political violence, economic crises, and maintain long-term stability. Each government was built on fragile alliances and unable to fully address the country's challenges.

From 1974 to 1980, Turkey faced increasing polarization due to the inability of the Justice Party (JP) and the Republican People's Party (RPP) to compromise on political issues. This division hindered government functioning and created a climate of political and social unrest.

The 1970s witnessed violent clashes between right-wing and left-wing university students. This conflict also spilled into ethnic and sectarian conflicts, exacerbated by the worsening economic crisis. State protection for right-wing groups, particularly within the police and military, contributed to the violence.

Bloody May 1, 1977, in Taksim Square, Istanbul, saw 34 people lose their lives during a labor demonstration. This event highlighted the escalating political violence and tension in the country.

The Maraş and Çorum massacres (1978-1980) involved brutal attacks on Alevi communities, resulting in the deaths of over 150 people in Maraş and nearly 60 in Çorum. These incidents were fueled by sectarian tensions and a lack of state protection for Alevi communities.

The 1960s witnessed increased industrialization in Turkey, prompting mass migration from rural areas to urban centers. This rapid urbanization led to the growth of shantytowns, unplanned infrastructure, and a shortage of jobs in major industries.

Starting in the 1960s, Turkey saw a significant migration of its citizens to Germany, prompted by Germany's need for labor to support its post-war economic recovery. Most Turkish migrants came directly from rural villages and towns, facing cultural shock upon arrival in Germany.

In the 1960s, Americans pressured Turkey to stop opium production, as drug addiction became a growing concern in the USA. However, opium production was profitable for Turkish peasants and was used in the pharmaceutical industry. This led to a complex situation, negotiated during Nihat Erim’s term as Prime Minister, resulting in a ban on opium production.

During the 1960s, Turkey's dependence on American military and financial aid was criticized by leftist activists, who believed it undermined Turkey's independence. This led to the slogan "Independent Turkey" becoming a popular rallying cry throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson threatened Turkey with withholding NATO protection in case of a Soviet attack, following Turkey's hinting at military intervention in Cyprus. This event further solidified American dominance and control over Turkey's military and foreign policy, demonstrating the limits of Turkish independence.

In 1974, a military coup in Greece encouraged a military coup in Cyprus, aiming to bring the island under Greek control. Turkey intervened, citing its guarantor status over Cyprus, to protect the Turkish minority on the island. This intervention led to the division of Cyprus and subsequent tensions.

Following the intervention in Cyprus, the United States imposed a military embargo on Turkey from 1974 to 1978, highlighting the international reaction against Turkey's military actions. This put further pressure on Turkey, impacting its defense capabilities and national interests.

After the 1974 Cyprus crisis, Turkey divided the island and created a separate entity in the north. Northern Cyprus declared itself independent in 1983, but it remains unrecognized by all states except Turkey. This ongoing dilemma exemplifies the complexities of the Cyprus issue and its geopolitical ramifications.

In the 1980s, Turkey faced a perfect storm of economic crisis, political violence, sectarian and ethnic conflicts, and deadlocked politics. This difficult period culminated in a military coup on September 12, 1980, aiming to restore order and stability to the country.

The military coup of 1980, though aiming for order, suspended democratic institutions and human rights, establishing a period of military rule. This event is a crucial turning point in modern Turkish history, marking a shift away from a period of political instability and towards a more authoritarian regime.