30 Questions
What term is used to describe an abnormal mass of tissue that may be solid or fluid-filled?
Neoplasm
Which of the following best describes a benign tumor?
Cells resemble normal cells
What type of tumor arises from glandular epithelial tissue?
Adenomas
Which factor is NOT commonly linked to the growth of benign tumors?
Emotional well-being
What distinguishes a pre-malignant tumor from a benign tumor?
Ability to spread cancerous cells
Which treatment option is typically NOT needed for benign tumors?
Chemotherapy
Which type of tumor grows on fibrous or connective tissue of any organ in the body?
Fibroid
Which type of tumor consists of adipose tissue (fat cells)?
Lipoma
What is the process by which cancer cells spread from their primary site to distant locations in the human body called?
Metastasis
Which type of tumor is able to invade surrounding tissues and is cancerous?
Carcinoma
What is a common type of birthmark that is a build-up of blood vessel cells in the skin or internal organs?
Haemangioma
Which type of tumor is derived from the skin or tissues that line body organs?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the function of the p53 gene?
Regulates cell cycle
Which environmental pollutant is known to cause lung cancer?
Cadmium
Which behavior is NOT recommended for preventing cancer?
Excessive radiation exposure
What type of cancers are considered sun-related?
Melanoma
Which DNA viruses are known to cause specific cancers?
Epstein-Barr virus
What do statistical studies suggest about dietary guidelines and cancer risk?
People following certain guidelines are less likely to have cancer
What type of cancer had the highest incidence for men in 103 countries or territories in 2015?
Stomach cancer
Which type of cancers begins in cells of the lobules or ducts of the breast?
Breast cancer
What is a risk factor for breast cancer related to weight?
Having more fat tissue
Which type of cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths for men in 29 countries in 2015?
Stomach cancer
In 2015, which type of cancer had 810,000 deaths worldwide?
Liver cancer
What are some stromal tissues where breast cancer can less commonly begin?
Fatty and fibrous connective tissues
Which activity can help reduce the risk of cancer according to the American Cancer Society?
Engaging in 45-60 minutes of physical exercise 5 or more days a week
What can alcohol consumption potentially affect, increasing cancer risk?
Limiting the liver’s ability to control blood levels of oestrogen
What is a significant risk factor for breast cancer after gender?
Family history of breast or ovarian cancer
Which type of mastectomy involves removing all breast tissue including skin, fatty tissue, lobules, and ducts?
Simple mastectomy
What does a lumpectomy usually involve?
Removing the tumour and a small margin around it
Which type of therapy involves using biological agents or immunotherapy for cancer treatment?
Biological or targeted therapy
Study Notes
Types of Tumors
- Fibroids grow on fibrous or connective tissue of any organ in the body, e.g. uterine fibroids.
- Lipomas are the most common form of soft-tissue tumor, consisting of adipose tissue (fat cells).
- Haemangiomas are a build-up of blood vessel cells in the skin or internal organs, often appearing as a common type of birthmark.
Characteristics of Tumors
- A benign tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that may be solid or fluid-filled, and cannot metastasize.
- Cells of a benign tumor resemble normal cells, and most are not harmful to human health.
- Malignant tumors are cancerous, grow fast, and can spread (metastasize) to distant locations in the body.
Causes of Benign Tumors
- Often the cause is unknown, but growth may be linked to environmental toxins, exposure to radiation, genetics, diet, stress, local trauma or injury, or inflammation or infection.
Examples of Benign Tumors
- Adenomas arise from glandular epithelial tissue, e.g. bile duct, follicular, hepatocellular, and nipple adenomas.
- Uterine fibroids are common examples of benign tumors.
Characteristics of Malignant Tumors
- Cancer in situ is a malignant tumor found in its place of origin.
- Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from their primary site to distant locations in the body.
Types of Malignant Tumors
- Carcinoma is derived from the skin or tissues that line body organs (epithelial cells), e.g. carcinomas of the stomach, prostate, pancreas, lung, liver, colon, or breast.
Causes of Cancer
- Environmental carcinogens, such as pollutants, industrial chemicals, and certain DNA viruses, can cause specific cancers.
- Cancer can also be caused by exposure to radiation, certain chemicals, and diet.
Prevention of Cancer
- Behaviors that help prevent cancer include avoiding tobacco, sunbathing, and radiation exposure, getting vaccinated, and following a healthy diet.
Common Cancers
- Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that develops from breast cells, and can begin in the lobules, ducts, or stromal tissues.
- Prostate cancer grows locally within the prostate, often for many years.
- Other common cancers include stomach, liver, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, bladder, and cervical cancer.
Risk Factors of Breast Cancer
- Age, family history, and medical history are significant risk factors.
- Other risk factors include weight, lack of exercise, alcohol consumption, and diet.
Treatment of Breast Cancer
- Treatment options depend on several factors, including type, stage, and education.
- Options may include lumpectomy, mastectomy, biological or targeted therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation.
Learn about tumours, including their definition and differentiation between benign and malignant types. Understand the basics of cancer, its causes, prevention, and characteristics of cancerous cells.
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