Benign vs Malignant Tumors: Key Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What laboratory test is used to determine the presence of inflammation?

  • C-reactive protein (CRP) (correct)
  • Complete blood count (CBC) with differential
  • Blood glucose test
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

  • Redness (rubor)
  • Edema (tumor)
  • Weight gain (correct)
  • Pain (dolor)
  • Which electrolyte is primarily regulated by the kidneys and is crucial for heart function?

  • Potassium (K+) (correct)
  • Magnesium (Mg+)
  • Calcium (Ca+)
  • Sodium (Na+)
  • What systemic response is commonly associated with acute inflammation?

    <p>Lymphadenopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of normal Sodium (Na+) levels in mEq/L?

    <p>135-145</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes benign tumors?

    <p>They resemble the tissue of origin and remain localized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the growth rate of malignant tumors?

    <p>They have an erratic growth rate, which can be slow or fast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of apoptosis, what implication does failure in this process have?

    <p>It can lead to the development of certain cancers and tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does excessive apoptosis affect cellular health?

    <p>It is associated with excessive cell death rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of malignant tumors in relation to metastasis?

    <p>They may metastasize via blood or lymphatic routes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage indicates that a malignant tumor has metastasized?

    <p>Stage IV: metastasized to another area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes how benign tumors interact with surrounding tissues?

    <p>They stay cohesive and well-demarcated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of tumor differentiation, what best describes malignant tumors?

    <p>They range from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in metabolic acidosis when pH levels are too low?

    <p>The respiratory center increases respirations to blow off CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates complete compensation in a metabolic disturbance?

    <p>pH is normal and both CO2 and HCO3 are abnormal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diabetic insipidus, which of the following is a primary risk factor for patients?

    <p>Hypernatremia causing seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the threshold for hyponatremia in terms of sodium levels?

    <p>Less than 135 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological action do the kidneys take during respiratory alkalosis compensation?

    <p>Excrete maximum HCO3 and retain H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary recommendation is made for patients with hypertension and heart failure concerning sodium intake?

    <p>Limit sodium to 1,500 mg or fewer per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT typically associated with hyponatremia?

    <p>Excessive urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During metabolic alkalosis, what response occurs in the lungs?

    <p>Decrease ventilation to retain CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of T lymphocytes that mature in the thymus?

    <p>Identifying and fighting off foreign invaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes primary lymphoid tissue from secondary lymphoid tissue?

    <p>Primary lymphoid tissue is where lymphocytes are produced, while secondary lymphoid tissue is where they activate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the spleen during the breakdown of red blood cells?

    <p>Old, hemolyzed RBCs are isolated and destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the initial response of the body to stress?

    <p>Hormones like adrenaline prepare the body for immediate action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific function do the lymph nodes serve in the immune system?

    <p>They filter lymph fluid of pathogens and the debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is splenomegaly indicative of within the body's function?

    <p>Excessive breakdown of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do immature T lymphocytes mature before being released into circulation?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone triggers the pituitary gland to release ACTH during the stress response?

    <p>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of liver inflammation in Hepatitis A?

    <p>Immune system response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor would NOT typically indicate a need for prenatal genetic screening?

    <p>Regular exercise routine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after conception is Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) performed?

    <p>10 to 12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Aortic Sclerosis?

    <p>Arteriosclerotic calcification of heart valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does passive diffusion involve?

    <p>Movement of particles from high to low concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of genetic screening for individuals with a family history of breast cancer?

    <p>To understand potential inherited risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is most accurate for diagnosing an aortic valve condition?

    <p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential method for evaluating baby's health during pregnancy?

    <p>Physical examination at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of acids or an abnormal loss of bases?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would you expect to find a blood pH greater than 7.45 as a primary lab result?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected change in PCO2 during respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>PCO2 &lt; 35 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is likely to be seen in a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Kussmaul's breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the compensatory mechanism of the kidneys in metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Excrete H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is most directly associated with elevated bicarb levels?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lab finding is indicative of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>PCO2 &gt; 45 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In metabolic acidosis, which of the following could be a cause?

    <p>Diarrhea with loss of bicarb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change would be expected in a patient experiencing hypocapnia?

    <p>Increased blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the kidneys compensate during respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Reabsorb HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lab result would indicate a state of acidosis?

    <p>pH &lt; 7.35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically true regarding metabolic alkalosis compensation?

    <p>Lungs decrease respiration to hold CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may lead to respiratory acidosis due to muscle weakness?

    <p>COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Benign versus Malignant Tumors

    • Benign tumors resemble the tissue of origin

    • Grow progressively slowly

    • Remain localized; cohesive cells

    • Not invasive; do not destroy surrounding tissue

    • Do not break away from the tumor cell mass

    • No metastasis

    • Malignant tumors range from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated

    • Poorly differentiated do not resemble tissue of origin

    • Grow erratically; faster than benign tumors

    • Invasive and destructive to surrounding tissue

    • Lack adhesion; easily travel to distant sites via metastasis

    • Common locations for metastasis include the lymphatic system or bloodstream

    Staging of Malignant Tumors

    • Stage I: localized
    • Stage II: early locally advanced
    • Stage III: late locally advanced
    • Stage IV: metastasized

    Apoptosis

    • Genetically programmed cell death
    • Example in ovaries during menopause
    • Example in WBCs after inflammatory reaction
    • Failure in apoptosis can lead to cancer or tumors
    • Excessive apoptosis can lead to excessive cell death

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    Description

    This quiz examines the characteristics and differences between benign and malignant tumors, including their growth patterns and staging. Additionally, it covers the concept of apoptosis and its relevance to tumor development. Test your knowledge on these crucial aspects of cancer biology.

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