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Questions and Answers
What is the primary feature of secondary pulmonary tuberculosis?
What is the primary feature of secondary pulmonary tuberculosis?
Which cell types primarily mediate the immune response in tuberculosis?
Which cell types primarily mediate the immune response in tuberculosis?
Which of the following statements is true regarding primary intestinal tuberculosis?
Which of the following statements is true regarding primary intestinal tuberculosis?
Which of the following features is NOT associated with tuberculous ulcers in secondary intestinal tuberculosis?
Which of the following features is NOT associated with tuberculous ulcers in secondary intestinal tuberculosis?
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What key characteristic distinguishes miliary tuberculosis from secondary pulmonary tuberculosis?
What key characteristic distinguishes miliary tuberculosis from secondary pulmonary tuberculosis?
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Which component is NOT part of the primary complex in tuberculosis?
Which component is NOT part of the primary complex in tuberculosis?
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What is the primary characteristic of a granuloma?
What is the primary characteristic of a granuloma?
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In the context of intestinal tuberculosis, where are tubercles primarily located?
In the context of intestinal tuberculosis, where are tubercles primarily located?
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What triggers the process of caseation necrosis in tuberculosis?
What triggers the process of caseation necrosis in tuberculosis?
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Which cellular response is primarily responsible for hypersensitivity reactions in tuberculosis?
Which cellular response is primarily responsible for hypersensitivity reactions in tuberculosis?
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Which of the following best describes the potential behavior of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within the host?
Which of the following best describes the potential behavior of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within the host?
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What defines the caseation necrosis seen in tuberculosis?
What defines the caseation necrosis seen in tuberculosis?
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Which group is at the highest risk for developing tuberculosis?
Which group is at the highest risk for developing tuberculosis?
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What symptom is NOT typically associated with secondary pulmonary tuberculosis?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with secondary pulmonary tuberculosis?
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What is the significance of a Langhans Giant Cell in tuberculosis?
What is the significance of a Langhans Giant Cell in tuberculosis?
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How is tuberculosis primarily transmitted?
How is tuberculosis primarily transmitted?
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What is a notable consequence of the immune response activation in tuberculosis?
What is a notable consequence of the immune response activation in tuberculosis?
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Which is NOT a symptom commonly associated with tuberculosis?
Which is NOT a symptom commonly associated with tuberculosis?
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What does ischemic necrosis in tuberculosis result from?
What does ischemic necrosis in tuberculosis result from?
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What characterizes a caseating tubercle?
What characterizes a caseating tubercle?
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Study Notes
Tuberculosis Overview
- Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic, infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- It's characterized by granulomas, organized collections of inflammatory cells around pathogens the immune system can't eliminate. Tissue necrosis & fibrosis often occur.
Methods of Infection
- Inhalation of droplets from an active TB patient's cough or sneeze.
- Ingestion of contaminated milk.
Host-Bacteria Interaction
- M. tuberculosis replicates inside macrophages.
- Macrophages might fail to present antigens to lymphocytes, leading to latent TB.
- Successful antigen presentation activates the immune response, cytokine production, & tissue necrosis.
Risk Groups
- AIDS patients.
- Individuals in overcrowded conditions.
- Malnourished individuals.
- Close contacts of active TB patients.
- Smokers & alcohol users.
Symptoms
- Chronic cough (possibly with blood).
- Fever.
- Night sweats.
- Weight loss ("consumption").
Mechanisms of Caseation
- Hypersensitivity: Interaction between lymphokines and TB antigens leads to caseation necrosis.
- Ischemic Necrosis: Reduced blood supply causes tissue death.
Tubercle Structure
- The tubercle, the basic structural unit of tuberculosis, consists of chronic inflammatory cells (macrophages & lymphocytes).
- It includes areas of caseation necrosis and fibrosis around M. tuberculosis.
- Represents the immune reaction to the bacteria.
Caseating Tubercle
- Contains regions of caseation necrosis at the center.
Langhans Giant Cells
- Multinucleated giant cells formed by fusing macrophages, characteristic of tuberculous granulomas.
Miliary Tuberculosis
- Disseminated form with numerous tubercles throughout the body due to M. tuberculosis spreading via bloodstream.
Immunity & Hypersensitivity in TB
- Immunity: Mediated by macrophages, epithelioid cells, and giant cells, which engulf bacteria to limit spread.
- Hypersensitivity: Caused by sensitized T lymphocytes and macrophages, leading to caseation necrosis (a hallmark of TB).
Primary Tuberculosis
- Ghon's Focus: Initial infection site in the lung (typically subpleural).
- Primary Complex: Includes Ghon's focus, lymphangitis, and tuberculous lymphadenitis of regional lymph nodes.
Primary Pulmonary Complex
- Includes Ghon's focus, tuberculous lymphangitis, & tuberculous lymphadenitis of nearby lymph nodes.
Secondary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- Reactivation or reinfection of dormant bacteria.
- Typically seen in adults.
- Often localized to the apices of the lungs (apical cavitation).
- Common symptoms include hemoptysis, pneumothorax, right-sided heart failure due to lung fibrosis, and amyloidosis.
Intestinal Tuberculosis
- Primary Intestinal Tuberculosis: Infection from contaminated milk/food, with tubercles in Peyer's patches; TB ulcers, lymphangitis, & mesenteric lymphadenitis.
- Secondary Intestinal Tuberculosis: Results from swallowed sputum in pulmonary TB, involving tubercles in Peyer's patches at the terminal ileum.
Fate of Intestinal Tuberculosis
- Progresses to ulcers with undermined edges and caseous floor.
- Healing through fibrosis.
Secondary Intestinal Tuberculosis
- Location: tubercles in Peyer's patches of the terminal ileum.
- Tuberculous ulcers have multiple, undermined edges, soft caseous floor, and transverse orientation.
- Healing is via fibrosis.
- No lymphangitis or lymphadenitis (lymph node swelling).
Tuberculous Peritonitis
- Secondary form primarily affecting children.
- Two types: Wet/Ascitic (exudative reaction) & Dry/Adhesive(proliferative reaction, tubercle formation)
Pott's Disease (Spinal Tuberculosis)
- Secondary spread through the bloodstream.
- Common sites: Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
Pathological Features
- Kyphosis: Forward curvature of the spine.
- Cold Abscess: Non-pyogenic abscess formation.
- Paraplegia: Paralysis due to spinal cord compression.
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of tuberculosis, including its causative agent, transmission methods, risk groups, and symptoms. Explore how tuberculosis interacts with the immune system and the mechanisms behind the disease's progression.
