Tuberculosis Diagnosis Quiz

Public Health and Infectious Disease

• This presentation covers public health and infectious diseases.
• A presenter, Shannon Layton DMSc, PA-C, likely works at South College.
• The course likely involves assessment types like presentations, exams, meeting attendance and reflection papers, and quizzes.

Grading Rubric

• Assessment Type: Presentation, Infectious Disease Exam, Meeting attendance and reflection paper, Quiz, Final Examination
• Number of Evaluations: 1, 1, 1, 6, 1
• Percentage of Overall Grade: 10%, 15%, 10%, 7.5%, 20%
• Total Weight: 10%, 15%, 10%, 45%, 20%

ARC-PA Accreditation Review

• The Physician Assistant (Associate) Program curriculum must include instruction in concepts of public health relevant to PA practice.
• Instruction must include concepts relating to disease prevention, surveillance, reporting, and intervention, the public health system, patient advocacy, and maintenance of population health.

PANCE Blueprint

• The slide provides a breakdown of medical content categories and respective percentages of allocation.
• Task categories include history taking, physical examinations, diagnostic and laboratory studies, formulating diagnoses, managing patients, health maintenance, patient education, preventative measures, clinical intervention, pharmaceutical therapeutics, applying basic scientific concepts, and professional practice.
• The content and allocation percentages help organize medical content and task categories.

Course Objectives

• Students will illustrate the burden of disease caused by communicable diseases.
• Students will interpret the factors affecting disease transmissibility and understand R naught.
• Students will differentiate conditions that make disease eradication feasible.
• Students will describe the presentation, signs, symptoms, work-up, and treatment of certain infectious diseases.

Accessibility

• Students can access course materials via a PollEV website or by texting a specific number.

Infectious Disease Terminology

• This section provides essential terminology for infectious diseases.
• The provided definitions include basic reproduction number, immunity, incubation period, latent period, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, morbidity, mortality, vector, zoonoses, arboviral, nosocomial, communicable, and non-communicable.

Communicable Diseases

• Communicable diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
• They were a leading cause of death and disability before antibiotics and vaccines.
• Common examples include malaria and tuberculosis.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) is a relevant global health organization with a focus on communicable diseases.

R naught (R0) for Communicable Diseases

• This table reports estimated R0 values for various communicable diseases.
• R0 values vary significantly across diseases.

Potential Impact

• The concepts of R naught relates to measuring infections produced by one person
• R naught shows how easily infections spread and grow

Impact on R0

• Route of transmission and Period of communicability are key to understanding the impact of R0

Koch's Postulates and Modified Criteria

• Robert Koch established criteria to establish relationships between microbes and diseases.
• His criteria involved isolating an organism, injecting it, and observing it in animals.
• Modified criteria include analysis of association, isolation, and Transmission.

Disease Spread

• This slide contrasts the different levels of disease spread: endemic, epidemic, and pandemic.
• An endemic disease remains relatively constant.
• An epidemic disease increases.
• A pandemic disease impacts numerous continents.

Case Finding

• Case finding is important for identifying and managing infectious disease cases.
• Confidential interviewing, dealing with social stigmas, epidemiological management and contact treatment are crucial.

Public Health Reporting

• Reporting certain positive cases to health departments is essential for public health response.

Reportable Diseases

• Several diseases are listed as reportable.

The Burden of Tuberculosis

• Tuberculosis is a significant global health concern impacting various populations.
• One-seventh of the global population dies of tuberculosis.
• This deadly disease affects the middle-age groups more severely, causing significant impact

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium causing Tuberculosis (TB)
• Visual representation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

History of Tuberculosis

• Tuberculosis was a major killer in the 18th and 19th centuries, leading to a billion deaths.
• Koch made significant contributions to understanding the disease and its cause.
• The important factors of catching and spreading TB include reduced immunity, poor nutrition, and genetic factors.

Victories in Public Health

• Isolation in sanitariums and vaccine development were major advancements in controlling tuberculosis.

Timeline of Tuberculosis' Treatment

• This timeline outlines significant discoveries and periods in Tuberculosis' development.

HIV Epidemic Timeline

• The presentation details the history and evolution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from the 1980s to the present, highlighting key events and changes in understanding and treatment.

HIV 1981 - Present

• Overview of the evolution of HIV, including initial discoveries, identification of transmission methods, and subsequent treatments.
• HIV transmission is highlighted and important considerations involving HIV.
• HIV in the early 1900s involved several case studies and research efforts.

HIV Transmission

• This section details the transmission mechanisms of HIV, including blood transfusions, sexual intercourse (particularly unprotected anal intercourse), and contaminated needles.
• Public health interventions, including safe sex practices, safe needle practices and use of protective equipment is part of HIV prevention.

HIV Symptoms

• This section lists common symptoms of HIV, like sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, rashes, muscle aches, night sweats, chills, fatigue, and mouth ulcers.
• Many cases of HIV are asymptomatic

HIV Stages

• This section outlines the different stages of HIV: Acute HIV infection, Chronic HIV Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the corresponding symptoms and viral load.

HIV Infects Cells

• HIV infects helper T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
• Cell-mediated immunity is lost.
• The virus can remain dormant for a decade.

HIV Replication

• Graphic representing HIV replication

HIV Diagnosis

• This section outlines the steps involved in diagnosing HIV, including antibody testing, discriminatory assays, and nucleic acid testing.

HIV Treatment Labs & Tests

• This section highlights various laboratory tests performed to diagnose HIV infection.
• Tests include CD4 cell count, viral load, tuberculin skin test, toxoplasmosis titer, cytomegalovirus serology, pap smears.
• Cervical cancer rates and hepatitis/gonorrhea are frequently associated with HIV infections.

HIV Treatment Overview

• This section lists various medications used in HIV treatment, including nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors.
• The need for triple therapy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

• AIDS is a condition that occurs when the CD4 cell count drops below 200 per mL of blood, and/or when opportunistic infections develop.
• Opportunistic infections are a frequent consequence.
• Examples of opportunistic infections are candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and Kaposi sarcoma.

Reportable Diseases

• This slide lists various diseases that need reporting to public health systems.
• This list of diseases is crucial to public health surveillance and epidemiological investigation of various diseases.

Active TB Treatment

• Treatment for active TB involves a 2-month intensive phase and a 4-month continuation phase, with possible exceptions.
• An important aspect of treatment is adherence to the regimen.

TB Drug Action

• Various TB drugs work by disrupting the bacteria's metabolic processes or activity.

Presentations' Patients

• Information regarding two Patients with Tuberculosis.

Latent TB Treatment OPTIONS

• Various treatment options are listed
• Isoniazid (INH), Rifampin, Isoniazid and rifapentin are examples of TB treatment for Latent TB.
• A chest X-ray is important before beginning treatment

Monitoring on LTBI Therapy

• Monthly follow-up is crucial during latent TB treatment
• Symptoms to be monitored include nausea, anorexia, icterus, rashes, and parasthesias
• Liver health indicators (ALT, AST, total bilirubin) must be monitored throughout treatment due to potential side effects of certain TB drugs

Diagnosis of Active TB, and testing procedures

• Methods for diagnosing active TB, including sputum analysis, AFB stain, culture, nucleic acid amplification (PCR), and imaging (chest X-ray or CT scan)

Acid-Fast Bacilli Stain

• This is a critical staining method used in diagnosing TB.

Imaging

• X-ray findings in TB cases may include problems with the lungs, such as parenchymal infiltrates, hilar adenopathy, and cavitation, along with pleural effusion.
• Miliary TB is a possible progression of pulmonary TB

Cavitary Tuberculosis

• This section focuses on cavitary tuberculosis, its causes, and possible consequences.

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

• Extrapulmonary tuberculosis involves TB outside the lungs, and diagnosis principles are similar to pulmonary TB.

Treatment

• A general section about tuberculosis treatment.

Test your knowledge on the different methods used to diagnose tuberculosis, including latent and active TB. This quiz covers IGRA tests, TST limitations, and culture methods for M.Tb. Enhance your understanding of TB testing protocols and their implications in clinical settings.