Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these options are associated with an Interferon gamma production in a patient with latent TB?
Which of these options are associated with an Interferon gamma production in a patient with latent TB?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why an IGRA test would be preferred over a TST for diagnosing latent TB?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why an IGRA test would be preferred over a TST for diagnosing latent TB?
Which of the following tests is used to diagnose active TB?
Which of the following tests is used to diagnose active TB?
Why is a culture for M.Tb performed in active TB diagnosis?
Why is a culture for M.Tb performed in active TB diagnosis?
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Which of these options is NOT a standard test for diagnosing Active TB?
Which of these options is NOT a standard test for diagnosing Active TB?
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How many sputum smears are typically collected for an AFB stain?
How many sputum smears are typically collected for an AFB stain?
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Which of the following is a potential limitation of the TST?
Which of the following is a potential limitation of the TST?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the IGRA test?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the IGRA test?
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What is the infectious dose for tuberculosis?
What is the infectious dose for tuberculosis?
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Which of these is NOT a factor that contributes to tuberculosis?
Which of these is NOT a factor that contributes to tuberculosis?
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What was a significant development in the fight against tuberculosis in the 1940s?
What was a significant development in the fight against tuberculosis in the 1940s?
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Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the resurgence of active tuberculosis in the 1980s?
Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the resurgence of active tuberculosis in the 1980s?
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What is the primary method of transmission for tuberculosis?
What is the primary method of transmission for tuberculosis?
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What are the two possible outcomes following the immune response to a TB infection?
What are the two possible outcomes following the immune response to a TB infection?
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What is the primary mechanism that the immune system uses to control TB infection?
What is the primary mechanism that the immune system uses to control TB infection?
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What characterizes latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)?
What characterizes latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)?
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What is the lifetime risk of progression from latent tuberculosis to active tuberculosis?
What is the lifetime risk of progression from latent tuberculosis to active tuberculosis?
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Which of the following is NOT included in the components of a granuloma?
Which of the following is NOT included in the components of a granuloma?
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What percentage of the overall grade is contributed by quizzes in the assessment structure?
What percentage of the overall grade is contributed by quizzes in the assessment structure?
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Which type of immune response is mainly active in dealing with TB infections?
Which type of immune response is mainly active in dealing with TB infections?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of public health concepts that must be included in PA education?
Which of the following is NOT a part of public health concepts that must be included in PA education?
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What is identified as caseating necrosis in granulomas?
What is identified as caseating necrosis in granulomas?
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What is the primary bacterial cause of tuberculosis?
What is the primary bacterial cause of tuberculosis?
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Which system has the lowest percent allocation in the medical content categories?
Which system has the lowest percent allocation in the medical content categories?
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What does the term R naught primarily refer to in infectious disease transmission?
What does the term R naught primarily refer to in infectious disease transmission?
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Which task category is allocated the highest percentage in the PANCE blueprint?
Which task category is allocated the highest percentage in the PANCE blueprint?
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What is the primary focus of PA education regarding public health?
What is the primary focus of PA education regarding public health?
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In the objectives listed, the focus on differentiating conditions for disease eradication relates to what learning outcome?
In the objectives listed, the focus on differentiating conditions for disease eradication relates to what learning outcome?
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What percentage of the final examination contributes to the overall grade?
What percentage of the final examination contributes to the overall grade?
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Which task category involves applying basic scientific concepts according to the PANCE blueprint?
Which task category involves applying basic scientific concepts according to the PANCE blueprint?
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What is the role of effectively interpreting factors that affect disease transmissibility?
What is the role of effectively interpreting factors that affect disease transmissibility?
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What is the initial treatment phase for a patient diagnosed with active TB?
What is the initial treatment phase for a patient diagnosed with active TB?
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Which of the following drugs is the most effective for early bactericidal activity in TB treatment?
Which of the following drugs is the most effective for early bactericidal activity in TB treatment?
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In patients with extrapulmonary TB, what is the recommended duration for the continuation phase of treatment?
In patients with extrapulmonary TB, what is the recommended duration for the continuation phase of treatment?
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What should be considered before prescribing TB medications to a patient who is also taking antiretrovirals?
What should be considered before prescribing TB medications to a patient who is also taking antiretrovirals?
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What is a key difference in the treatment of TB in HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative patients?
What is a key difference in the treatment of TB in HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative patients?
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What factor requires extending the continuation phase to 7 months in TB treatment?
What factor requires extending the continuation phase to 7 months in TB treatment?
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Which drug is most significant for resistance prevention in TB treatment?
Which drug is most significant for resistance prevention in TB treatment?
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What is one potential outcome for a patient who has ongoing M.Tb in sputum samples after the initial treatment phase?
What is one potential outcome for a patient who has ongoing M.Tb in sputum samples after the initial treatment phase?
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What evidence suggests that HIV originated from chimpanzees?
What evidence suggests that HIV originated from chimpanzees?
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What are three characteristics that make smallpox eradication possible, according to the text?
What are three characteristics that make smallpox eradication possible, according to the text?
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What is the primary difference between the treatment duration for HIV patients on HAART compared to those not on HAART?
What is the primary difference between the treatment duration for HIV patients on HAART compared to those not on HAART?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of TB that might complicate its diagnosis in HIV patients as mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of TB that might complicate its diagnosis in HIV patients as mentioned in the text?
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What date is linked to the first official report of the AIDS epidemic?
What date is linked to the first official report of the AIDS epidemic?
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What was the purpose of the CDC's Task Force on Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections?
What was the purpose of the CDC's Task Force on Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections?
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When was the first case definition for AIDS released and the term "AIDS" first used by the CDC?
When was the first case definition for AIDS released and the term "AIDS" first used by the CDC?
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What event led to the CDC's first report of AIDS being transmitted through blood transfusion?
What event led to the CDC's first report of AIDS being transmitted through blood transfusion?
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Study Notes
Public Health and Infectious Disease
- This presentation covers public health and infectious diseases.
- A presenter, Shannon Layton DMSc, PA-C, likely works at South College.
- The course likely involves assessment types like presentations, exams, meeting attendance and reflection papers, and quizzes.
Grading Rubric
- Assessment Type: Presentation, Infectious Disease Exam, Meeting attendance and reflection paper, Quiz, Final Examination
- Number of Evaluations: 1, 1, 1, 6, 1
- Percentage of Overall Grade: 10%, 15%, 10%, 7.5%, 20%
- Total Weight: 10%, 15%, 10%, 45%, 20%
ARC-PA Accreditation Review
- The Physician Assistant (Associate) Program curriculum must include instruction in concepts of public health relevant to PA practice.
- Instruction must include concepts relating to disease prevention, surveillance, reporting, and intervention, the public health system, patient advocacy, and maintenance of population health.
PANCE Blueprint
- The slide provides a breakdown of medical content categories and respective percentages of allocation.
- Task categories include history taking, physical examinations, diagnostic and laboratory studies, formulating diagnoses, managing patients, health maintenance, patient education, preventative measures, clinical intervention, pharmaceutical therapeutics, applying basic scientific concepts, and professional practice.
- The content and allocation percentages help organize medical content and task categories.
Course Objectives
- Students will illustrate the burden of disease caused by communicable diseases.
- Students will interpret the factors affecting disease transmissibility and understand R naught.
- Students will differentiate conditions that make disease eradication feasible.
- Students will describe the presentation, signs, symptoms, work-up, and treatment of certain infectious diseases.
Accessibility
- Students can access course materials via a PollEV website or by texting a specific number.
Infectious Disease Terminology
- This section provides essential terminology for infectious diseases.
- The provided definitions include basic reproduction number, immunity, incubation period, latent period, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, morbidity, mortality, vector, zoonoses, arboviral, nosocomial, communicable, and non-communicable.
Communicable Diseases
- Communicable diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
- They were a leading cause of death and disability before antibiotics and vaccines.
- Common examples include malaria and tuberculosis.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) is a relevant global health organization with a focus on communicable diseases.
R naught (R0) for Communicable Diseases
- This table reports estimated R0 values for various communicable diseases.
- R0 values vary significantly across diseases.
Potential Impact
- The concepts of R naught relates to measuring infections produced by one person
- R naught shows how easily infections spread and grow
Impact on R0
- Route of transmission and Period of communicability are key to understanding the impact of R0
Koch's Postulates and Modified Criteria
- Robert Koch established criteria to establish relationships between microbes and diseases.
- His criteria involved isolating an organism, injecting it, and observing it in animals.
- Modified criteria include analysis of association, isolation, and Transmission.
Disease Spread
- This slide contrasts the different levels of disease spread: endemic, epidemic, and pandemic.
- An endemic disease remains relatively constant.
- An epidemic disease increases.
- A pandemic disease impacts numerous continents.
Case Finding
- Case finding is important for identifying and managing infectious disease cases.
- Confidential interviewing, dealing with social stigmas, epidemiological management and contact treatment are crucial.
Public Health Reporting
- Reporting certain positive cases to health departments is essential for public health response.
Reportable Diseases
- Several diseases are listed as reportable.
The Burden of Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis is a significant global health concern impacting various populations.
- One-seventh of the global population dies of tuberculosis.
- This deadly disease affects the middle-age groups more severely, causing significant impact
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium causing Tuberculosis (TB)
- Visual representation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
History of Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis was a major killer in the 18th and 19th centuries, leading to a billion deaths.
- Koch made significant contributions to understanding the disease and its cause.
- The important factors of catching and spreading TB include reduced immunity, poor nutrition, and genetic factors.
Victories in Public Health
- Isolation in sanitariums and vaccine development were major advancements in controlling tuberculosis.
Timeline of Tuberculosis' Treatment
- This timeline outlines significant discoveries and periods in Tuberculosis' development.
HIV Epidemic Timeline
- The presentation details the history and evolution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from the 1980s to the present, highlighting key events and changes in understanding and treatment.
HIV 1981 - Present
- Overview of the evolution of HIV, including initial discoveries, identification of transmission methods, and subsequent treatments.
- HIV transmission is highlighted and important considerations involving HIV.
- HIV in the early 1900s involved several case studies and research efforts.
HIV Transmission
- This section details the transmission mechanisms of HIV, including blood transfusions, sexual intercourse (particularly unprotected anal intercourse), and contaminated needles.
- Public health interventions, including safe sex practices, safe needle practices and use of protective equipment is part of HIV prevention.
HIV Symptoms
- This section lists common symptoms of HIV, like sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, rashes, muscle aches, night sweats, chills, fatigue, and mouth ulcers.
- Many cases of HIV are asymptomatic
HIV Stages
- This section outlines the different stages of HIV: Acute HIV infection, Chronic HIV Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the corresponding symptoms and viral load.
HIV Infects Cells
- HIV infects helper T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
- Cell-mediated immunity is lost.
- The virus can remain dormant for a decade.
HIV Replication
- Graphic representing HIV replication
HIV Diagnosis
- This section outlines the steps involved in diagnosing HIV, including antibody testing, discriminatory assays, and nucleic acid testing.
HIV Treatment Labs & Tests
- This section highlights various laboratory tests performed to diagnose HIV infection.
- Tests include CD4 cell count, viral load, tuberculin skin test, toxoplasmosis titer, cytomegalovirus serology, pap smears.
- Cervical cancer rates and hepatitis/gonorrhea are frequently associated with HIV infections.
HIV Treatment Overview
- This section lists various medications used in HIV treatment, including nucleotide/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors.
- The need for triple therapy.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- AIDS is a condition that occurs when the CD4 cell count drops below 200 per mL of blood, and/or when opportunistic infections develop.
- Opportunistic infections are a frequent consequence.
- Examples of opportunistic infections are candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and Kaposi sarcoma.
Reportable Diseases
- This slide lists various diseases that need reporting to public health systems.
- This list of diseases is crucial to public health surveillance and epidemiological investigation of various diseases.
Active TB Treatment
- Treatment for active TB involves a 2-month intensive phase and a 4-month continuation phase, with possible exceptions.
- An important aspect of treatment is adherence to the regimen.
TB Drug Action
- Various TB drugs work by disrupting the bacteria's metabolic processes or activity.
Presentations' Patients
- Information regarding two Patients with Tuberculosis.
Latent TB Treatment OPTIONS
- Various treatment options are listed
- Isoniazid (INH), Rifampin, Isoniazid and rifapentin are examples of TB treatment for Latent TB.
- A chest X-ray is important before beginning treatment
Monitoring on LTBI Therapy
- Monthly follow-up is crucial during latent TB treatment
- Symptoms to be monitored include nausea, anorexia, icterus, rashes, and parasthesias
- Liver health indicators (ALT, AST, total bilirubin) must be monitored throughout treatment due to potential side effects of certain TB drugs
Diagnosis of Active TB, and testing procedures
- Methods for diagnosing active TB, including sputum analysis, AFB stain, culture, nucleic acid amplification (PCR), and imaging (chest X-ray or CT scan)
Acid-Fast Bacilli Stain
- This is a critical staining method used in diagnosing TB.
Imaging
- X-ray findings in TB cases may include problems with the lungs, such as parenchymal infiltrates, hilar adenopathy, and cavitation, along with pleural effusion.
- Miliary TB is a possible progression of pulmonary TB
Cavitary Tuberculosis
- This section focuses on cavitary tuberculosis, its causes, and possible consequences.
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
- Extrapulmonary tuberculosis involves TB outside the lungs, and diagnosis principles are similar to pulmonary TB.
Treatment
- A general section about tuberculosis treatment.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different methods used to diagnose tuberculosis, including latent and active TB. This quiz covers IGRA tests, TST limitations, and culture methods for M.Tb. Enhance your understanding of TB testing protocols and their implications in clinical settings.
