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Questions and Answers
Which scale is typically used to quantify the intensity of an earthquake based on its effects on people and structures?
Which scale is typically used to quantify the intensity of an earthquake based on its effects on people and structures?
- Richter Scale
- Moment Magnitude Scale
- Body Wave Magnitude Scale
- Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (correct)
What is the primary purpose of measuring ground acceleration during an earthquake?
What is the primary purpose of measuring ground acceleration during an earthquake?
- To establish the geological age of the area
- To identify the seismic waves generated
- To assess the potential damage to structures (correct)
- To determine the depth of the earthquake's origin
How do structural responses of buildings typically change in relation to the frequency of seismic waves?
How do structural responses of buildings typically change in relation to the frequency of seismic waves?
- Building responses are consistent regardless of wave frequency
- Buildings respond higher to lower frequency waves
- Building responses increase linearly with frequency
- Buildings are less affected by higher frequency waves (correct)
What is a common effect of vibrations on objects during seismic events?
What is a common effect of vibrations on objects during seismic events?
Which criteria are essential for assessing damage after an earthquake?
Which criteria are essential for assessing damage after an earthquake?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence tsunami velocity?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence tsunami velocity?
What is the primary means of generating early warning for tsunamis?
What is the primary means of generating early warning for tsunamis?
Which of the following is a common misconception about tsunamis and earthquakes?
Which of the following is a common misconception about tsunamis and earthquakes?
What is the period range of tsunami waves as stated?
What is the period range of tsunami waves as stated?
How far can tsunamis travel per hour in deep water, specifically at 4000 m depth?
How far can tsunamis travel per hour in deep water, specifically at 4000 m depth?
What should NOT be included in tsunami warning advisories?
What should NOT be included in tsunami warning advisories?
Which of the following disturbances can lead to the formation of tsunamis?
Which of the following disturbances can lead to the formation of tsunamis?
Which earthquake parameter is primarily influenced by the distance from the epicenter?
Which earthquake parameter is primarily influenced by the distance from the epicenter?
Which scale is most commonly used to assess the intensity of shaking experienced during an earthquake?
Which scale is most commonly used to assess the intensity of shaking experienced during an earthquake?
What does the elastic rebound theory best explain about earthquakes?
What does the elastic rebound theory best explain about earthquakes?
What is the primary characteristic of P waves in relation to earthquake propagation?
What is the primary characteristic of P waves in relation to earthquake propagation?
Which of the following would most likely result in higher ground acceleration during an earthquake?
Which of the following would most likely result in higher ground acceleration during an earthquake?
In assessing damage post-earthquake, which criterion is least likely to be used?
In assessing damage post-earthquake, which criterion is least likely to be used?
Which aspect of building structural response is most critical to ensuring safety during an earthquake?
Which aspect of building structural response is most critical to ensuring safety during an earthquake?
Which type of seismic waves tends to cause the most significant damage to structures?
Which type of seismic waves tends to cause the most significant damage to structures?
What factor is most important in determining the effectiveness of a building's response during an earthquake?
What factor is most important in determining the effectiveness of a building's response during an earthquake?
Which type of ground material is likely to amplify seismic waves and increase vibration effects on objects during an earthquake?
Which type of ground material is likely to amplify seismic waves and increase vibration effects on objects during an earthquake?
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Study Notes
Tsunami Overview
- Tsunami is a series of gravity waves generated by large-scale disturbances in sea level over a brief time.
- Common causes of tsunamis include underwater earthquakes, submarine volcanic eruptions, sediment displacement, coastal landslides, and meteor impacts.
- Not all coastal earthquakes lead to tsunami events.
Tsunami Characteristics
- Tsunami velocity is influenced by water depth; it travels at approximately 700 km/h at 4000 meters depth but drops to about 36 km/h at 10 meters depth.
- Typical tsunami wave periods range from 10 to 45 minutes.
Early Warning System
- The Ministry of Earth Science is developing an Early Warning System for Tsunamis and Storm Surges.
- This system will issue timely warnings about tsunami potential, confirmation, estimated arrival times, strength forecasts, inundation extent, and cancellation warnings.
- Storm Surge advisories will include forecasts and inundation extent similar to tsunami warnings.
Earthquake Insights
- Earthquakes typically occur along fault lines where one side moves relative to the other, often leaving visible ground breakage.
- India’s main seismic zones are located along the Himalayan range, Northeast India, Andaman-Nicobar Islands, and the Rann of Kutch region.
Epicenter Determination
- The epicentral distance from a seismic station to an earthquake’s focus is calculated using the time separation of P and S wave arrivals and the ratio of their velocities.
- The focus or hypocenter of an earthquake is usually situated several kilometers below the Earth’s surface.
Elastic Rebound Theory
- Proposed by H. Reid, this theory explains that accumulated strain in rock on opposite sides of a fault eventually exceeds resistance, causing the fault to slip and trigger an earthquake.
Types of Seismic Waves
- There are two main types of body waves:
- P waves: Primary waves that arrive first; these are compressional waves similar to sound waves and move longitudinally.
- S waves: Secondary waves that follow P waves and move shear waves perpendicularly.
Introduction to Seismology
- Seismology studies elastic or sound waves generated from seismic sources, either natural or artificial, and records these waves with seismometers to produce seismograms.
- Seismograms provide insights into the source's location and characteristics based on wave travel time and observed signal amplitude.
Insights from Seismology
- Seismology reveals the Earth's internal structure, indicating the presence of the crust, mantle, and core.
- The discipline is crucial for understanding earthquake mechanics and the resulting faulting, aiding in resource location and geophysical evolution studies.
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