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Questions and Answers
Triterpenes include ______ and Macrocarpals, which are antibacterial and anti-HIV.
Triterpenes include ______ and Macrocarpals, which are antibacterial and anti-HIV.
Eucalyptone
Tea Leaves are obtained from the leaves of ______ subjected to heat treatment.
Tea Leaves are obtained from the leaves of ______ subjected to heat treatment.
Thea sinensis
The ______ of tea leaves are allowed to ferment, resulting in the conversion of polyphenols to condensed tannins.
The ______ of tea leaves are allowed to ferment, resulting in the conversion of polyphenols to condensed tannins.
Black
Higher quality tea consists of ______ or young leaves with serrated margin.
Higher quality tea consists of ______ or young leaves with serrated margin.
The most important characteristic elements of tea leaves are the irregularly branched ______ in the mesophyll.
The most important characteristic elements of tea leaves are the irregularly branched ______ in the mesophyll.
Ginkgo biloba leaves are macroscopically described as being ______________ to yellowish green.
Ginkgo biloba leaves are macroscopically described as being ______________ to yellowish green.
Green tea is useful for ______, supporting diet control and is a CNS stimulant drink.
Green tea is useful for ______, supporting diet control and is a CNS stimulant drink.
The important elements in Ginkgo biloba microscopically are very elongated tannins ______________ and clusters of Ca2+ oxalate.
The important elements in Ginkgo biloba microscopically are very elongated tannins ______________ and clusters of Ca2+ oxalate.
Caffeine is a ______ stimulant and is used as an antidote for CNS depressants.
Caffeine is a ______ stimulant and is used as an antidote for CNS depressants.
Senna leaves are used to treat ______________ problems.
Senna leaves are used to treat ______________ problems.
The geographical origin of Ginkgo biloba is ______________ and Japan.
The geographical origin of Ginkgo biloba is ______________ and Japan.
Theanine is an amino acid that is characteristic for ______.
Theanine is an amino acid that is characteristic for ______.
Tea leaves and ______________ are two types of natural products of special importance in the Egyptian market.
Tea leaves and ______________ are two types of natural products of special importance in the Egyptian market.
Eucalyptus leaves are an example of natural products of special importance in the ______________ market.
Eucalyptus leaves are an example of natural products of special importance in the ______________ market.
The side effects of using Ginkgo biloba extract include ______________ disturbances and headache.
The side effects of using Ginkgo biloba extract include ______________ disturbances and headache.
Senna leaves are obtained from the plant ______________ acutifolia (Alexandarian) or Cassia angustifolia (Indian).
Senna leaves are obtained from the plant ______________ acutifolia (Alexandarian) or Cassia angustifolia (Indian).
Senna leaves have ______ stomata.
Senna leaves have ______ stomata.
Eucalyptus leaves have ______ warts.
Eucalyptus leaves have ______ warts.
Senna is used to treat ______ constipation.
Senna is used to treat ______ constipation.
Sennosides are ______ that are metabolized by colon flora.
Sennosides are ______ that are metabolized by colon flora.
Prolonged use of Senna can cause ______ depletion.
Prolonged use of Senna can cause ______ depletion.
Eucalyptus leaves have ______ oil glands.
Eucalyptus leaves have ______ oil glands.
Senna is contraindicated in ______ and lactation.
Senna is contraindicated in ______ and lactation.
Overdose of Senna can cause ______ stools.
Overdose of Senna can cause ______ stools.
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Study Notes
Triterpenes
- Eucalyptone and Macrocarpals have antibacterial and anti-HIV properties
Tea Leaves
Origin
- Green Tea Leaves: Leaves of Thea sinensis (Theaceae) subjected to heat treatment to inactivate oxidase enzymes and dried
- Black Tea Leaves: Same origin, but leaves are allowed to ferment, resulting in polyphenols converted to condensed tannins before drying in a hot air oven
- Native to China
Macroscopic
- Green Tea: More or less curled leaf fragments
- Black Tea: Much shriveled leaf fragments; shape can be examined better after boiling or steeping
- Higher quality tea consists of buds or young leaves with serrated margin
Microscopic
- Irregularly branched sclereid idioblasts in the mesophyll are characteristic elements
Active Constituents
- Green Tea: Polyphenols (Catechins and Epigallocatechin3-O-gallate (EGCG)), Flavonoids (type Flavonols), Traces of Volatile Oil (around 75 components)
- Black Tea: Oligomeric oxidation products of catechins (brown color) and condensed tannins, Flavonoids (around 300 components), Traces of Volatile Oil
Actions
- Xanthine alkaloids: Caffeine (CNS stimulant), Theophylline (smooth muscle relaxant), Theobromine (diuretic)
- Catechins and Epigallocatechin3-O-gallate (EGCG): Potent antioxidant
Indications
- Green and Black Tea: CNS stimulant drinks for mental and physical fatigue
- Green Tea: Useful for chemoprevention, supportive in diet control
- Isolated alkaloids are used as conventional drugs:
- Caffeine: CNS stimulant antidote for CNS depressants
- Theophylline: In asthma (individualized doses, low therapeutic index)
Ginkgo Leaves
Origin
- Leaves of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae)
- Native to China and Japan
Macroscopic
- Dark to yellowish green, fan-shaped whole or fragmented leaves, no leaf midrib
Microscopic
- Very elongated tannins idioblasts, Clusters of Ca2+ oxalate
Constituents
- Flavonoids, Lactones (Ginkgolides and Bilobalide)
Indications and uses
- Geriatric cerebral insufficiency problems
- Cause some improvement in Alzheimer disease (adjunct therapy)
- Intermittent Claudication (Improving pain-free walking distance)
Side effects
- Mild G.I. disturbances
- Headache
- Allergic skin reactions
Senna Leaves
Origin
- Leaves of Cassia acutifolia (Alexandrian) or Cassia angustifolia (Indian) (Leguminosae)
- Native to Egypt
Macroscopic
- Ovate-lanceolate with short petiole and asymmetric base
Microscopic
- Paracytic stomata
- Unicellular warty cuticle trichomes
- Crystal sheath with Calcium oxalate prisms
Constituents
- Glycosides (Sennosides A, B, C, and D)
- Other components in senna extract provide 30% more synergistic effect than pure sennosides
Indications and uses
- Most frequently used laxative (Acute constipation, prior to bowel surgery, Hemorrhoids)
Mechanism of Action
- Sennosides inhibit Na+/K+ ATP-ase in colon mucosa, enhancing contraction and emptying
Drug Interactions
- K+ depletion with prolonged use potentiates action and toxicity of cardiac glycosides and anti-arrhythmic agents
- K+ depletion can be potentiated by diuretics and corticosteroids
Side effects
- Urine Red discoloration
- Sennosides may pass to fetus in pregnancy and to breast milk, which may lead to teratogenicity
Contraindications
- Pregnancy and Lactation
- Children under 10 years
- Chronic constipation
- Severe dehydration
- Overdose causes colic and thin liquid stools (over emptying of bowel) and prolonged use causes water loss (dehydration) and hypokalemia
Eucalyptus Leaves
Origin
- Leaves and branches of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)
- Native to Australia
Macroscopic
- Coriaceous thick leaves with grayish dark brown warts, translucent oil glands are seen
Microscopic
- Large oil glands (E)
- Corky warts of 10 or more cell layers (K)
- Small polygonal epidermal cells with straight walls
- Clusters and prisms of Ca2+ oxalate
Constituents
- Flavonoids
- Volatile oil, mainly cineole
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