Tribute System and Cedula in the Philippines

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Questions and Answers

What was the annual amount of tribute imposed during the period of 1570 to 1589?

8 Reales (correct)

5 Reales

10 Reales

1 Peso

Tribute in the Philippines was abolished in 1884 and replaced by the valerio.

False

What two types of payments other than Reales were accepted for tribute in the Philippines?

gold and copper

The collection of tribute in the Philippines began after __________ conquest.

Legazpi's Signup and view all the answers

Who was responsible for ensuring tribute was collected from the natives?

Cabeza de barangay Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tribute forms with their descriptions:

Reales = Silver currency used for tribute Cedula = Certificate identifying the taxpayer Servicio y Polo = Forced labor system in tribute collection Cabeza de barangay = Local chieftain responsible for tax collection Signup and view all the answers

The Spaniards were required to pay tribute just like the native population.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the original annual tribute rate before it was raised?

8 silver Reales Signup and view all the answers

What replaced the ancient tribute system in the governance described?

A graduated poll tax Signup and view all the answers

The cedula personal was required only for natives over eighteen years of age.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Cabezas de Barangay responsible for collecting tribute from?

The forty or fifty families under their charge. Signup and view all the answers

The only exceptions to the regular tax collection were the __________, who paid a separate poll tax.

Chinese Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Cabezas de Barangay = Collectors of tribute for families Alcalde Mayor = Local administrative officials for the province Cedula personal = Identification certificate required for tax collection Remontados = Indigenous groups beyond Spanish control Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of local officials in the tax collection system?

Claimed a share of unlegalized payments Signup and view all the answers

All residents over eighteen were subject to the same tax rates regardless of their background.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'infieles' refer to in the context of the text?

Non-Christians Signup and view all the answers

What function did the Cedula serve in the Philippine islands?

It acted as a passport for travel. Signup and view all the answers

The cabeza de barangay was responsible for issuing cedulas.

True Signup and view all the answers

What were the severe penalties for a person found without a cedula?

Severe penalties included possible arrest or fines. Signup and view all the answers

The pardon for issuing the cedula was made in __________.

triplicate Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

Cavan = A measure equal to 75 liters Hacienda = Large estates used for raising livestock Caballeria = Small tract of land included in a land grant Canon = Annual rent paid by the inquilino Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the agrarian problems recognized by Dr. Jose Rizal?

Economic dislocation. Signup and view all the answers

The information required for issuing a cedula was limited to the head of household.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role did Dr. Jose Rizal play in addressing agrarian disputes?

He highlighted them in his writings. Signup and view all the answers

What role do inquilinos play in the Inquilinato system?

They rent land from friars and sublease it. Signup and view all the answers

The sharecropper, or kasama, worked land rented from an inquilino.

True Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Spanish layman that donated lands to the Jesuits?

Don Manuel Jauregui Signup and view all the answers

The Hacienda de Calamba was confiscated by the __________.

government Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings:

Inquilino = Tenant renting from friars Kasama = Sharecropper renting from inquilino Hacienda = Large estate or plantation Caballerias = Unit of land measurement Signup and view all the answers

What was one identified cause for the revolt in 1896?

Abuses in the Friar Estates Signup and view all the answers

How many hectares did Sitio de Ganado Mayor encompass?

1742 hectares Signup and view all the answers

Spanish hacienderos failed to develop their lands due to a transient population and a relatively __________ market for livestock products.

small Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main objectives of the Katipunan?

To create a revolutionary secret society Signup and view all the answers

Andres Bonifacio was one of the members descended from La Liga Filipina.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the legislative body of the Katipunan?

Katipunan Assembly Signup and view all the answers

The organizational structure of the Katipunan consisted of small branches governed by the __________.

Sangguniang Balangay Signup and view all the answers

What event prompted the assembly of the secret council to form the Katipunan?

Dr. Jose Rizal's deportation and the banning of his works Signup and view all the answers

The Katipunan was formed as a public organization focused on peaceful reform.

False Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the Katipunan formed?

1892 Signup and view all the answers

Match the roles within the structure of the Katipunan with their respective titles:

President = Pangulo Secretary = Kalihim Fiscal = Tagausig Treasurer = Tagaingat yaman Councilors = Kasanguni Signup and view all the answers

What year was the tribute system abolished in the Philippines?

1884 Signup and view all the answers

The cedula personal was required for all residents regardless of age.

False Signup and view all the answers

What responsibilities did local officials, such as the cabeza de barangay, have in relation to the tribute?

They were responsible for the collection of tribute from the local population. Signup and view all the answers

In 1884, the __________ system was abolished, leading to the end of several taxation practices in the Philippines.

tribute Signup and view all the answers

Match the following responsibilities with their respective roles:

Gobernadorcillo = Town mayor Cabeza de Barangay = Village chief Alcalde = Local magistrate Corregidor = Local government official Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of abolishing the tribute system?

End of the tithe Signup and view all the answers

Petty governors had no role in collecting the tribute in the municipalities.

False Signup and view all the answers

Upon entering any public employment under the royal or insular authority, individuals were required to present a __________.

cedula Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary function of the Cabezas de Barangay during the tribute system?

To collect tribute from local families Signup and view all the answers

All residents over eighteen years of age were required to obtain a cedula personal under the tax system.

True Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of local officials in the tax collection system?

Local officials collected taxes and received a personal share from the collections. Signup and view all the answers

The tax system was based on a graduated poll tax similar to the system in __________.

Spain Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Cabezas de Barangay = Local tribute collectors for families Cedula personal = Identification required for taxation Remontados = Indigenous groups living in remote areas Infieles = Non-Christians under Spanish control Signup and view all the answers

Which group was subject to a separate poll tax aside from the general population?

Chinese Signup and view all the answers

The tribute system was replaced without any complaint from the population.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Alcalde Mayor responsible for in the context of tax collection?

The Alcalde Mayor was responsible for tax collection for the province. Signup and view all the answers

What role did inquilinos have in the Inquilinato system?

They subleased land to sharecroppers. Signup and view all the answers

Hacienderos successfully developed their lands for agricultural production.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who donated lands to the Jesuits in the mid-18th century?

Don Manuel Jauregui Signup and view all the answers

The Inquilino is expected to render other services to the __________.

landlord Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Inquilino = Tenant who rents land from friars Kasama = Individual who shares the land for cultivation Hacienda = Large estate for agricultural production Caballeria = Land measurement unit in hectares Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the revolt in 1896?

Abuses in the Friar Estates Signup and view all the answers

The Jesuits owned their lands for an extended period of time without interruption.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the size of Sitio de Ganado Mayor in hectares?

1742 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the provinces of Bulacan, Tondo, Cavite, and Laguna did the friar estates constitute?

40% Signup and view all the answers

The friars collected rents from tenants while issuing the usual receipts.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote that the friars were collecting rents without issuing receipts?

Paciano Rizal Signup and view all the answers

Rizal's parents were among those evicted to ________ for refusing to pay rents.

remote areas Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hacienda-related terms to their descriptions:

Inquilinos = Tenants leasing land from the hacienda Friar estates = Lands owned by religious orders Rental increases = A complaint by Mariano Herboso Hacienda = Large estate or plantation Signup and view all the answers

What was one main source of income for the friars?

Cattle ranching Signup and view all the answers

Mariano Herboso's main complaint was about the inadequate healthcare provided to tenants.

False Signup and view all the answers

What major literary work did Rizal write that was influenced by his family's experiences with the friars?

El Filibusterismo Signup and view all the answers

Who was one of the key figures present at the secret council that led to the formation of the Katipunan?

Andres Bonifacio Signup and view all the answers

The legislative body of the Katipunan was known as the Katipunan Assembly.

True Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of the Katipunan?

To form a revolutionary society for Philippine independence. Signup and view all the answers

The organizational structure of the Katipunan included branches known as __________ governed by the Sangguniang Balangay.

Balangays Signup and view all the answers

Match the roles within the structure of the Katipunan with their respective titles:

Pangulo = President Kalihim = Secretary Tagausig = Fiscal Tagaingat yaman = Treasurer Kasanguni = Councilor Signup and view all the answers

What was the title of the highest governing body of the Katipunan?

Supreme Council Signup and view all the answers

When was the Katipunan formed?

July 7, 1892 Signup and view all the answers

The Katipunan was initially formed as a public organization advocating for peaceful reform.

False Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tribute System

The tribute was a tax imposed on Filipinos during the Spanish colonial period.
It was originally 8 Reales per family, but increased to 12 Reales Fuertes (1.5 Pesos).
The tribute was a personal tax, meaning it was levied on individuals, including mestizos (people of mixed Spanish and Filipino descent).
Spaniards residing in the Philippines were exempt from paying the tribute.
The tax was collected in various forms like gold, copper, textiles, rice, livestock, and forced labor called Servicio y Polo.
The collection of tribute was based on a system where native chieftains were responsible for taxes within their districts.
The collection of tribute started after the Spanish conquest of the Philippines and continued for over 300 years, until 1884.

The Cedula

The cedula was a certificate of identification introduced in 1884 to replace the tribute.
It was mandatory for all residents of the Philippines, including Spaniards, foreigners, and natives.
The cedula served as a passport for travel within the islands.
Exceptions to the cedula requirement included Chinese who paid a separate poll tax, remontados (indigenous groups in remote areas), infieles (non-Christians), and residents of Jolo, Balabac, and Palawan.

Agrarian Disputes

Agrarian problems were prevalent in the Philippines during the late 19th century.
Dr. Jose Rizal recognized the complexity of these issues, which he viewed as socio-economic challenges.
He believed that unresolved agrarian issues could lead to economic instability, loss of faith in the justice system, and potential revolts.

History of Friars in the Philippines

Lands were granted to Spanish conquistadors (conquistador) in the 16th and 17th centuries.
These grants were called caballerias, consisting of 42.5 hectares of land.
Spanish hacienderos (landowners) failed to develop their lands due to several factors:
- Transient Spanish population
- Limited market for livestock products
- More profitable opportunities in the Galleon trade
Religious orders acquired lands through various means, forming large estates called haciendas.
These haciendas were used for raising livestock and agricultural production.
The inquilino system was established, where tenants rented lands from the friars and subleased them to sharecroppers (kasama).
The Inquilinato system was a key feature of the friar estates, with tenants (Inquilino) renting land for a fixed price (canon) and providing services to the landlord.
The Inquilinos then subleased the land to sharecroppers.
The friar estates were recognized as being a factor that led to the 1896 revolt.

Hacienda de Calamba Conflict

Don Manuel Jauregui donated land to the Jesuits in 1759.
Jesuits owned the land for 8 years before being expelled from the Philippines by King Charles.
The Hacienda de Calamba was confiscated by the government and managed by the Office of Jesuit Temporalities
In 1803, the property was sold to Don Clemente de Azansa.
In 1833, the Dominicans purchased the Hacienda when Don Clemente died.

The Katipunan

The Katipunan (Kataastaasang Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) was a revolutionary society founded in 1892.
It was founded by members of La Liga Filipina after Dr. Jose Rizal’s deportation and the banning of his works.
The Katipunan sought to achieve independence from Spain through armed rebellion.
It had a hierarchical structure, composed of branches governed by the Sangguniang Balangay, provincial councils governed by the Sangguniang Bayan, and the Supreme Council (Kataastasang Sanggunian).
The Supreme Council consisted of a President, Secretary, Fiscal, Treasurer, and six Councilors.
The Katipunan Assembly, consisting of the Supreme Council members and presidents of provincial and popular councils, served as the legislative body.

Tribute System & Cedula

The tribute system was the main source of government revenue in the Philippines during Spanish rule.
The tribute was collected by the Cabezas de Barangay for the families under their charge.
The Alcalde Mayor collected the tribute for the province.
The Mayors, Corregidores, or petty governors collected the tribute for their municipality.
The tribute was remitted to the treasury in Manila.
In 1884, the tribute system was abolished.
The cedula personal was a certificate of identification required from all residents over the age of 18 years old.
The cedula was required for various activities, including taking up commissions or entering public employment, entering a provincial or municipal office, making any contracts, bringing any action before a court, and much more.
Chinese individuals paid a different poll tax.
The remontados and infieles were not subject to local administration and did not need a cedula.

Inquilinato System

Inquilinato was a system where individuals rented land from landlords (usually friars).
Inquilinos would then sublease the land to sharecroppers (kasama) who would farm the land.
The Inquilinato system emerged in the mid-eighteenth century as the economy expanded based on exporting crops.
Inquilinos were required to pay a fixed price (canon) to the landlord and provide additional services.

Hacienda de Calamba Conflict

The Hacienda de Calamba was a large estate owned by Dominican friars.
The land had originally belonged to Don Manuel Jauregui who donated it to the Jesuits.
The Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines, and the hacienda was confiscated by the government. It was sold to Don Clemente de Azansa who later died and sold the land to the Dominicans.
The Rizal family were tenants on the hacienda, renting 380 hectares.
In 1883, Paciano Rizal, Jose Rizal’s brother, wrote that the friars were collecting rents without issuing receipts and increasing annual rents regardless of the low sugar prices.
Mariano Herboso made additional allegations in 1887, claiming that the friars were increasing rentals, maintaining a poor irrigation system, and failing to issue receipts.
The colonial government demanded a report on income and production from the hacienda tenants, which was submitted with a petition authored by Jose Rizal.
In 1891, friars evicted tenants, including the Rizal family, who refused to pay rents.

The Katipunan

The Katipunan was a revolutionary secret society founded in 1892.
The Katipunan was founded as a response to the deportation of Jose Rizal and the banning of his works.
The Katipunan had a complex organizational structure, with small branches (Sangguniang Balangay), provincial councils (Sangguniang Bayan), and a Supreme Council (Kataastasang Sanggunian).
The Supreme Council was comprised of the president, secretary, fiscal, treasurer, and six councilors.
The Katipunan had a legislative body known as the Katipunan Assembly, which included members of the Supreme Council and presidents of popular and provincial councils.
Initiation into the Katipunan included a rigorous process, with members undergoing questioning focused on the condition of the Philippines in different historical periods.

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Description

Explore the historical tribute system imposed on Filipinos during the Spanish colonial period and its transition to the cedula identification system. Learn about the various forms of tribute, the responsibilities of native chieftains, and how these systems shaped colonial life until their reform in 1884.