40 Questions
Which of the following is NOT one of the three mechanisms of shock?
Increased sympathetic activity
What is the equation for cardiac output (CO)?
CO = SV x HR
Which of the following is a sign of compensated shock?
Tachycardia with normal to prolonged CRT
What is the urinary output threshold for oliguria?
Less than 400ml per day
Which organ is the first to fail in sepsis in almost all species?
GI tract
Which species has the lungs as the shock organ in sepsis?
Cats
What is the main shock organ in cattle with sepsis?
GI tract
Which species rarely shows a hyperdynamic phase in sepsis?
Cats
Which of the following is a sign of decompensated shock?
Depressed mentation
Which one of the following conditions is characterized by vasodilatation and can result in a shortened capillary refill time (CRT)?
Septic shock
Which one of the following types of shock is caused by a decrease in circulating blood volume?
Hypovolaemic shock
Which one of the following conditions is characterized by an increase in sympathetic tone and can cause capillary refill time (CRT) to be greater than 2 seconds?
Hypovolaemia
Which one of the following conditions is characterized by decreased forward flow from the heart?
Cardiogenic shock
Which one of these is the definition of triage?
The process of quickly examining patients to decide which ones are the most seriously ill
Which one of these is the most common cause of shock?
Low or unevenly distributed blood flow
Which one of these is the normal color of mucous membranes in cats and horses?
Salmon pink
Which one of these is a sign of shock due to pooling of blood trapped within the capillary beds?
Vasodilation
Which one of these is the most correct definition of shock?
Low or unevenly distributed blood flow
Which one of the following types of shock is caused by a decrease in circulating blood volume?
Hypovolaemic shock
Which one of the following conditions is characterized by deranged cellular metabolic machinery?
Metabolic shock
Which one of the following conditions is characterized by decreased oxygen content in arterial blood?
Hypoxaemic shock
Which one of the following is a sign of hypovolaemic shock in the haemodynamic phase?
Bounding peripheral pulses
Which one of the following is a sign of compensated shock?
Tachycardia
Which one of the following conditions is characterized by decreased cardiac output?
Cardiogenic shock
Which one of the following is the most correct definition of shock?
A decrease in blood volume leading to decreased tissue perfusion
What is the definition of shock?
Inadequate cellular energy production
What are the signs consistent with shock?
- Mental state changes, 2. Changes in mucous membrane color, 3. Capillary refill time (CRT)
What are the descriptions used to indicate the mental state of an animal in shock?
Alert and normally responsive, depressed or obtunded, stuporous or semicomatose, comatose
What is the normal color of mucous membranes in cats and horses?
Salmon pink
What is the equation for capillary refill time (CRT)?
CRT = Pre-capillary sphincter tone
What are the three mechanisms of shock?
Hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, distributive
What is the difference between compensated and decompensated shock?
Compensated shock is characterized by hyperdynamic or bounding pulses, while decompensated shock is characterized by weak thready pulses
What are the signs of hypovolaemic shock in the haemodynamic phase?
Increased heart rates (170–220 bpm in dogs), short and narrow femoral pulse profile, absent metatarsal pulses
What is the main shock organ in cattle with sepsis?
The lungs
What is the urinary output threshold for oliguria?
Less than 0.5 mL/kg/hour
What are the three mechanisms of shock?
Loss of intravascular volume (hypovolaemic shock), Maldistribution of vascular volume (distributive and cryptic shock), Failure of the cardiac pump (cardiogenic shock)
What are the compensatory mechanisms in hypovolaemic shock?
Increased sympathetic activity, Vasoconstriction, Increased contractility, Increased heart rate
What are the signs of compensated shock in the haemodynamic phase?
Mild to moderate depression, Tachycardia with normal to prolonged capillary refill time (CRT), Cool extremities, Tachypnoea, Normal blood pressure, Normal pulse quality
What are the signs of decompensated shock?
Pale mucous membranes, Poor peripheral pulse quality, Depressed mentation, Fall in blood pressure
What is the urinary output threshold for oliguria?
Less than 400ml per day or less than 20ml per hour
Test your knowledge on triage and the process of prioritizing and treating patients in the most effective way. Learn about the definition of triage and how it is applied in both human and animal healthcare. Explore the concept of shock and its impact on cellular energy production.
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