Treponema and Gram-Negative Bacteria

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Questions and Answers

What characteristic is true about Treponema?

It has a large genome size of over 5 Mb.

It requires anaerobic conditions for growth. (correct)

It can be grown in standard media.

It is a photosynthetic bacteria.

Which of the following symptoms is associated with syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum?

Chancres (correct)

Coughing

Rash on the chest

Nausea

Which strain of Escherichia is commonly known to cause infections?

E. coli T4

E. coli K12

E. coli O157:H7 (correct)

E. coli B

What is a key virulence factor of Gram-negative bacteria?

Endotoxin Signup and view all the answers

How do Treponema species typically move through viscous fluids?

Employing corkscrew motility Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is Salmonella classified as?

Facultative anaerobes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a genus mentioned in the context of Gram-negative bacteria?

Lactobacillus Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial feature can lead to anaphylactic reactions in humans?

Endotoxins Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is Rickettsia classified as?

Aerobic and gram-negative Signup and view all the answers

How is R.prowazekii primarily transmitted?

Via insect bites or feces Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the genome of Rickettsia is true?

It has a small genome (1 Mb) indicating host dependence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by R.prowazekii?

Epidemic typhus Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic features define Chlamydia?

Aerobic, heterotrophic, and gram-positive cocci Signup and view all the answers

Why can Rickettsia not be grown in vitro?

It is an intracellular parasite dependent on host metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

What role do adhesins play in Rickettsia's pathogenicity?

They facilitate adhesion to host cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is common among Chlamydia and Rickettsia?

Both are obligate intracellular parasites. Signup and view all the answers

What should remain unchanged during the sterilisation process?

The containers and/or packaging Signup and view all the answers

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) aims to ensure which of the following?

Consistency in product quality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement under Good Manufacturing Practices?

Systematic marketing strategy Signup and view all the answers

Chemical antimicrobial agents differ from selective antimicrobial agents in what way?

They are effective against a broad range of microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of antimicrobial agents makes antibiotics unique?

They target specific bacterial pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the application of antimicrobial agents to non-living surfaces?

Disinfection Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of maintaining a constant sterilisation protocol?

To ensure consistent outcomes in the sterilisation process Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chemical antimicrobial agents is true?

They include disinfectants and antiseptics Signup and view all the answers

What does sterility assurance refer to?

The absence of all viable microorganisms in a product Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT a test for monitoring the sterilisation process?

Visual inspections of packaging Signup and view all the answers

What is the acceptable sterility assurance level (SAL) for parenteral products according to the content?

1 in 1,000,000 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about biological indicators (BIs) is true?

They require inoculation with a known bacteria suspension Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for achieving the desired sterility assurance according to the content?

Reproducibility of the sterilisation method Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for monitoring the sterilisation process functionality?

Regular equipment function tests Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'exposure verification tests' primarily assess?

Physical and chemical changes in indicators Signup and view all the answers

Sterility testing commonly involves what type of assessment?

Random microbiological assessment of products Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of antisepsis?

Destruction or inhibition of microorganisms on living tissues Signup and view all the answers

What does a high-level antimicrobial agent accomplish?

Kills all microorganisms but not bacterial spores Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents?

Color of the antimicrobial solution Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing temperature generally affect bactericidal activity?

It often increases bactericidal activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acidity in the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents?

It can change the degree of ionization of the antimicrobial molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of preservation in pharmaceutical preparations?

To increase the shelf life by preventing microbial growth Signup and view all the answers

Which level of antimicrobial agent is defined as capable of killing all vegetative bacteria and most fungi and viruses?

Intermediate level Signup and view all the answers

What type of antimicrobial agent is used prior to surgical procedures?

Antiseptics Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Treponema: diverse Gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic and heterotrophic, belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria.
Obligate parasites requiring animal cells for growth are contained within this group.
Includes pathogenic genera such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, and Rickettsia.
Treponema pallidum causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease characterized by stages: primary (chancres), secondary (rash), and tertiary (nervous system damage).
Cannot be cultivated in standard media; has a small degenerate genome (1 Mb).
Virulence factors include endotoxin, inducing inflammation and fever responses, and enterotoxins in certain strains causing gastrointestinal distress.

E. coli is generally non-pathogenic, aiding digestion in intestines, but some strains can cause infections.
Associated pathogens include Salmonella and Klebsiella, which can both transmit infections.

Rickettsia

Aerobic and heterotrophic, Rickettsia are gram-negative coccobacilli.
Cannot be cultured in vitro; only grow in tissue culture, relying on host metabolism.
Spread by ectoparasites like fleas, lice, and ticks, causing various fever diseases including Epidemic typhus (R. prowazekii) with significant mortality rates.
Virulence is linked to adhesion and phospholipase activity.

Chlamydia

Aerobic, heterotrophic, and gram-positive cocci; obligate intracellular parasites of humans and animals.
Responsible for sexually transmitted diseases and infections; cannot be grown on agar, reflecting their dependence on host cells.
Features a small genome (1 Mb) indicating specialization and host reliance.

Sterility Assurance and Testing

Sterility: absence of viable microorganisms in medical contexts; sterility assurance probability aims for no contaminated items in a population of 1 million.
Sterility assurance level (SAL) desire for parenteral products: 99.9999% assurance.
Sterilization processes include equipment function tests (heat distribution, temperature, pressure), exposure verification (chemical and biological indicators), and process validation for consistent results.
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) dictate production quality and control throughout manufacturing processes, personnel training, and equipment use.

Antimicrobial Agents and Their Mechanisms

Disinfectants, antiseptics, and preservatives are non-selective, contrasting with specific antibacterial agents like antibiotics.
Antimicrobial mechanisms vary based on concentration and temperature: higher concentrations increase efficacy, and elevated temperatures enhance bactericidal activity.
Antiseptics target living tissues, while agents for disinfection aim to destroy microorganisms on surfaces.
Preservation in pharmaceuticals aims to prevent microbial growth and contamination during manufacturing.

Factors Influencing Antimicrobial Effectiveness

Concentration: higher levels generally result in more effective microbial control.
Temperature affects bactericidal activity; however, increasing it can also degrade some agents or affect heat-sensitive compounds.
Acidity (pH) impacts both antimicrobial molecules and bacterial cell walls, potentially altering ionization and charge distribution.

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Description

Explore the diverse world of Treponema, a crucial phylum of gram-negative bacteria. Learn about their characteristics, pathogenic potential, and the requirements for their growth as obligate parasites. This quiz will deepen your understanding of these fascinating microorganisms.