Trematodes and Flukes

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Questions and Answers

Trematodes can be categorized based on the areas of the body they infect. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas?

  • Intestines
  • Lungs
  • Brain (correct)
  • Liver

The definitive host of a trematode harbors the larval stages of the worm.

False (B)

A freshwater ______ serves as the intermediate host for many trematodes.

mollusk

Which of the following could be a second intermediate host for a trematode?

<p>Fish (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the infective stage of Fasciolopsis buski?

<p>metacercaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans are the only definitive hosts for Fasciolopsis buski.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each host type with its role in the life cycle of Fasciolopsis buski:

<p>Definitive host = Pigs and humans 1st intermediate host = Snail (genus Segmentina or Hippeutis) 2nd intermediate host = Water caltrop (Trapa bicornis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ingestion of which of the following leads to Fasciolopsis buski infection?

<p>Metacercariae on water plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The common name for Fasciola hepatica is ______ Liver Fluke.

<p>sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans are definitive hosts for Fasciola hepatica.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an aquatic vegetation that serves as a 2nd intermediate host for Fasciola hepatica?

<p>Watercress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each host with its role in the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica:

<p>Definitive host = Herbivorous animals like sheep 1st intermediate host = Lymneid snail 2nd intermediate host = Aquatic vegetation (Watercress, Kangkong)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for Clonorchis sinensis?

<p>Chinese Liver Fluke</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans contract Clonorchis sinensis by ingesting metacercariae in aquatic vegetation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the definitive host for Clonorchis sinensis

<p>man</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the 2nd intermediate host for Clonorchis sinensis?

<p>Freshwater fish (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai are species of what?

<p>Heterophyid Flukes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mammals that do not eat fish are definitive hosts for heterophyid flukes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The infective stage of heterophyid flukes is ______.

<p>metacercaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each host with its role in the life cycle of Heterophyid flukes:

<p>Definitive host = Man or other fish-eating mammals 1st intermediate host = Freshwater snail 2nd intermediate host = Freshwater/Brackish water fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for Paragonimus westermani?

<p>Oriental Lung Fluke</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 2nd intermediate host for Paragonimus westermani is a crustacean.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infection from Paragonimus westermani is caused by the consumption of which foods?

<p>Inadequately cooked or pickled crustaceans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transmission or Infection of Schistomsoma occurs by ______ penetration.

<p>skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an infective stage for Schistosoma?

<p>Cercaria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are Trematodes?

Trematodes are flatworms categorized by the area of the body they infect: liver, intestines, lungs, and blood.

What is a Definitive Host?

The host that harbors the adult worm stage of a parasite.

What is an Intermediate Host?

A freshwater mollusk that provides shelter to the larval stages of a parasite.

Second Intermediate Host

Fish, crustacean, snail, or plant required by the parasite for encystment.

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What is Fasciolopsis buski?

A large intestinal fluke with metacercariae as the infective stage.

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Fasciolopsis buski: infective stage?

Metacercaria is the infective stage of Fasciolopsis buski

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Fasciolopsis buski: definitive hosts?

Pigs and humans are the definitive hosts for Fasciolopsis buski

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Snail (Segmentina or Hippeutis)

The first intermediate host of Fasciolopsis buski.

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Fasciolopsis buski 2nd intermediate hosts?

Water caltrop, water chestnut, water morning glory, and lotus.

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What is Fasciola hepatica?

Sheep liver fluke that infects herbivorous animals like sheep, with metacercariae as the infective stage.

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Fasciola hepatica: 1st intermediate host?

Lymneid snails are the first intermediate hosts for Fasciola hepatica

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Fasciola hepatica 2nd intermediate hosts?

Aquatic vegetation such as watercress and kangkong.

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What is Clonorchis sinensis?

A liver fluke with a freshwater snail and fish as intermediate hosts.

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Metacercariae

The infective stage of Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke).

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Clonorchis sinensis: definitive host?

Man is the definitive host of Clonorchis sinensis

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What are Heterophyid Flukes?

Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai

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Heterophyid Flukes: infective stage?

Metacercariae is the infective stage of Heterophyid Flukes

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Definitive host: Heterophyid Flukes?

Man or other fish-eating mammals are the definitive hosts.

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Intermediate hosts: Heterophyid Flukes?

Freshwater snail is the 1st intermediate host, and Freshwater/Brackish water fish is the 2nd intermediate host

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What is Paragonimus westermani?

Oriental lung fluke that infects humans after eating infected crabs or crayfish.

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Paragonimus westermani: infective stage?

The infective stage of Paragonimus westermani

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Paragonimus westermani: definitive host?

Man is the definitive host of Paragonimus westermani

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Snail

Snail is the 1st intermediate host

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Crabs or crayfish

Crabs or crayfish are the 2nd intermediate hosts

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What is Schistosoma?

Blood flukes that penetrate the skin; include Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, and Schistosoma japonicum.

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Study Notes

  • Trematodes belong to the Phylum Platyhelminthes
  • Trematodes can be categorized by the area of the body they infect: Liver, Intestines, Lungs, and Blood
  • A definitive host harbors the adult worm, notably man
  • An intermediate host is a freshwater mollusk, providing shelter to the larval stages
  • A second intermediate host includes fish, crustaceans, snails, or plants; required for the parasite for encystment

Fasciolopsis buski

  • Also known as the Large Intestinal Fluke
  • The infective stage is metacercaria
  • Pigs and humans are the definitive hosts
  • The first intermediate host is a snail of the genus Segmentina or Hippeutis
  • The second intermediate host includes water caltrop (Trapa bicornisI), water chestnut (Eliocharis tuberose), water morning glory (Ipomea obscura), and lotus (Nymphaea lotus)

Fasciola hepatica

  • Also known as the Sheep Liver Fluke
  • The infective stage is metacercaria
  • Herbivorous animals such as sheep are definitive hosts
  • Man is an accidental final host
  • The first intermediate host is Lymneid snail; Lymnaea philippinensis and Lymnaea swinhoe quadrasi
  • The second intermediate host is aquatic vegetation like watercress and Kangkong (Ipomea obscura)

Clonorchis sinensis

  • Also known as the Chinese Liver Fluke
  • The infective stage is metacercaria
  • Man is the definitive host
  • The first intermediate host is a freshwater snail
  • The second intermediate host is freshwater fish

Heterophyid Flukes

  • Includes Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai
  • The infective stage is metacercaria
  • Man or other fish-eating mammals are the definitive hosts
  • The first intermediate host is a freshwater snail
  • The second intermediate host is freshwater/brackish water fish

Paragonimus westermani

  • Also known as the Oriental Lung Fluke
  • The infective stage is Metacercaria
  • Man is the definitive host
  • The first intermediate host is a snail
  • The second intermediate host is crabs or crayfish

Schistosoma (general)

  • Transmission/Infection occurs by skin penetration
  • The infective stage is cercaria
  • The diagnostic stage is ova in feces/urine
  • Causes conditions like Bilharziasis, Swamp Fever, Katayama Fever; may also cause Swimmer’s Itch

Schistosoma haematobium

  • Also known as the Bladder Fluke

Schistosoma mansoni

  • Also known as Manson’s Blood Fluke

Schistosoma japonicum

  • Also known as the Blood Fluke

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