Questions and Answers
How many hosts are typically in the class Trematoda (flukes)?
2
What subclass of Trematoda is clinically important to humans?
Digenea
What is a tegument and how does it relate to immune evasion by trematodes?
Tegument is the parasite covering.
Differentiate monostomes, amphistomes, and distomes.
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What are the species of trematodes?
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What is the reservoir for F. hepatica?
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Which trematoda can be easily identified by its leaf-shaped appearance and the presence of 'shoulders'?
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Where is F. hepatica endemic to?
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Which trematode will cause an economic problem, reducing milk and meat production in domestic sheep and cattle?
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Pathology of F. hepatica causes Fascioliasis, resulting in what symptoms?
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How can you diagnose F. hepatica?
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Which trematode's lifecycle is similar to F. hepatica?
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What species is the giant intestinal fluke?
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F. hepatica and F. buski are both leaf-shaped. Which one has shoulders?
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Where is F. buski endemic to?
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F. hepatica and F. buski commonly have metacercariae attached to what type of plant?
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Which species is the Chinese liver fluke?
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What is the reservoir for C. sinensis?
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Where is C. sinensis endemic to?
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Where do C. sinensis adults mature?
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How can you identify an ova from C. sinensis?
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Which stage of C. sinensis can survive pickling or salting?
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A high worm burden of what trematode can cause cholecystitis and/or cholelithiasis?
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How can you diagnose C. sinensis?
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Which trematode is the Southeast Asian liver fluke?
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Chronic inflammation caused by what trematode is highly correlated with bile duct cancer?
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What family of trematodes are known as 'blood flukes'?
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What is unique about the schistosome lifecycle?
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Where in the definitive host do the schistosome species live?
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What anatomical feature gives schistosomes their significant sexual dimorphism?
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The Schistosoma species' miracidia develop into mother sporocysts, which give rise to multiple generations of daughter sporocysts.
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What 3 species of schistosomes are medically relevant?
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Study Notes
Class Trematoda (Flukes) Overview
- Flukes typically require two hosts: mollusks (snails) and humans.
- The subclass Digenea, featuring two suckers (ventral and oral), is critical for human health.
Digenean Lifecycle
- A complex lifecycle often involving a snail and a vertebrate host.
Tegument and Immune Evasion
- Tegument is a protective covering of the parasitic fluke.
- Rapid and continuous turnover of the tegument aids in evasion from the host immune system.
- Contains receptors that bind to host proteins, enhancing its survival.
Morphology of Flukes
- Monostomes have one oral sucker.
- Amphistomes have both an oral sucker and a posterior acetabulum.
- Distomes have an oral sucker and acetabulum not at the posterior end.
Key Trematode Species
- F. hepatica (liver fluke)
- F. buski (giant intestinal fluke)
- C. sinensis (Chinese liver fluke)
- O. viverrini
- Schistosoma family.
F. hepatica Overview
- Reservoirs include sheep and cattle.
- Identified by its characteristic leaf shape and shoulders.
- Lifecycle involves a complex of definitive and intermediate hosts.
Geographic Distribution
- F. hepatica is endemic in Europe, North Africa, Cuba, and South America.
- F. buski is prevalent in Southeast Asia, particularly India and China.
- C. sinensis is found in East and Southeast Asia, including Japan, China, Korea, and Vietnam.
Pathology and Economic Impact
- F. hepatica causes Fascioliasis, leading to severe liver conditions (necrosis, cirrhosis, anemia).
- Economic issues arise from reduced milk and meat production in affected livestock.
Diagnosis of F. hepatica
- Detection through eggs in stool featuring an operculum.
- ELISA can identify anti-F. hepatica antibodies in serum, milk, and feces.
C. sinensis Features
- Freshwater fish serve as reservoirs.
- Adults mature in the bile ducts; eggs identified by an operculum on one side and a knob on the other.
- Metacercariae can endure pickling and salting.
Complications from C. sinensis
- High worm burden may lead to cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, including risks of gallbladder perforation.
O. viverrini
- Associated with chronic inflammation linked to bile duct cancer.
Schistosoma (Blood Flukes)
- Schistosoma species live in the vascular blood supply of definitive hosts.
- Unique lifecycle without a second intermediate host.
- Exhibit significant sexual dimorphism due to the gynecophoral canal in males.
Medically Relevant Schistosome Species
- S. haematobium
- S. mansoni
- S. japonicum
Lifecycle Development
- Miracidia develop into mother sporocysts, creating various daughter sporocysts through multiple generations.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Trematoda, the class of flukes, with this flashcard quiz. Learn about their typical life cycles, important subclasses, and how they evade immune responses. Perfect for students and enthusiasts of parasitology.
