Trazodone and Bupropion Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a nonbenzodiazepine sleep aid?

Clonazepam

Zolpidem (correct)

Diazepam

Lorazepam

What is the antidote for benzodiazepine-induced CNS depression?

Eszopiclone

Flumazenil (correct)

Zaleplon

Phenobarbital

Which benzodiazepine is commonly used to treat alcohol withdrawal?

Oxazepam

Temazepam

Clonazepam

Chlordiazepoxide (correct)

What type of action do benzodiazepines typically display?

Muscle relaxant Signup and view all the answers

Which benzodiazepine is the longest acting?

Diazepam Signup and view all the answers

What are the common adverse effects of benzodiazepines?

Respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is more common with clozapine?

Seizures Signup and view all the answers

What is phenobarbital commonly used to treat?

Seizures Signup and view all the answers

What is the major dose-limiting side effect of clozapine?

Agranulocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Why is gynecomastia a common adverse effect of risperidone?

It induces prolactinemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of long-acting benzodiazepines?

Diazepam; Chlordiazepoxide Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter pathway is affected in Parkinson's disease?

Dopaminergic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of phenytoin?

Inhibition of axonal sodium channels Signup and view all the answers

Does benztropine exacerbate tardive dyskinesia?

Yes, it worsens tardive dyskinesia Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)?

Hyperthermia, rigidity, altered mental status Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug interactions can phenytoin produce?

Both enzymatic induction and inhibition Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is unique to trazodone?

Priapism Signup and view all the answers

Apart from depression, in what settings is bupropion also used?

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) Signup and view all the answers

What is the major side effect of venlafaxine?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which is the prototype of the SSRI drug class?

Fluoxetine Signup and view all the answers

What are the adverse effects of lithium?

Tremors Signup and view all the answers

According to the dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia, do symptoms arise due to an excess or a lack of DA in the CNS?

Excess of DA Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What is akathisia?

Motor restlessness Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are thought to be deficient in the biogenic amine theory of depression?

Serotonin and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What are the adverse effects of barbiturates?

Drowsiness and respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is a partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors and is effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder?

Buspirone Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes serotonin syndrome?

Rigidity, diaphoresis, and seizures Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?

Inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake Signup and view all the answers

Which TCA is also used for the treatment of certain types of neuropathic pain and for the prevention of migraine headaches?

Amitriptyline Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for TCA overdose?

Sodium bicarbonate and phenytoin Signup and view all the answers

What life-threatening condition may develop when patients taking MAOis ingest foods containing tyramine?

Hypertensive crisis Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect can phenytoin cause by interfering with folate absorption?

Megaloblastic anemia Signup and view all the answers

In addition to epilepsy, in what condition can carbamazepine be used?

Manic-depression Signup and view all the answers

Which antiepileptic medication is known to cause neural tube defects and craniofacial abnormalities when used during pregnancy?

Valproic acid (VPA) Signup and view all the answers

What type of seizures does clonazepam treat?

Myoclonic and absence Signup and view all the answers

How do phenytoin and carbamazepine decrease the efficacy of oral contraceptives?

By inducing cytochrome P-450 enzymes Signup and view all the answers

In what conditions, other than epilepsy, can topiramate be used?

Migraine; neuropathic pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of sumatriptan in the prophylaxis of migraine headache?

Vasoconstriction in cranial arteries Signup and view all the answers

What are some common side effects of ergotamine?

Nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; chest pain; toxic levels can cause gangrene Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nonbenzodiazepine Sleep Aids

Nonbenzodiazepine sleep aids are alternative medications used for insomnia treatment, often considered less habit-forming.

Benzodiazepine Antidote

Flumazenil serves as the antidote for benzodiazepine-induced CNS depression, reversing sedation and effects.

Benzodiazepine for Alcohol Withdrawal

Lorazepam is commonly used to treat alcohol withdrawal symptoms due to its safety and efficacy in seizures.

Benzodiazepine Action Types

Benzodiazepines typically display a sedative-hypnotic action, enhancing GABA receptor activity leading to increased inhibition in the CNS.

Longest Acting Benzodiazepine

Diazepam is recognized as one of the longest-acting benzodiazepines, with a prolonged half-life contributing to its effects.

Common Adverse Effects of Benzodiazepines

Common adverse effects include sedation, dizziness, confusion, and risk of dependency or withdrawal symptoms.

Adverse Effect of Clozapine

Agranulocytosis is a notable adverse effect of clozapine, leading to a decrease in white blood cell count.

Phenobarbital Uses

Phenobarbital is commonly used to treat seizures and is also effective in managing status epilepticus.

Dose-Limiting Side Effect of Clozapine

The major dose-limiting side effect of clozapine is agranulocytosis, necessitating regular blood monitoring.

Gynecomastia and Risperidone

Gynecomastia occurs with risperidone due to its antagonism of dopamine receptors, increasing prolactin levels.

Examples of Long-Acting Benzodiazepines

Examples include diazepam, clonazepam, and flurazepam, offering prolonged therapeutic effects.

Parkinson's Disease Neurotransmitter Pathway

In Parkinson’s disease, the dopaminergic pathway is primarily affected, leading to motor control issues.

Mechanism of Action of Phenytoin

Phenytoin stabilizes neuronal membranes by inhibiting sodium channels, thus preventing seizures.

Benztropine and Tardive Dyskinesia

Benztropine does not exacerbate tardive dyskinesia; it's used for Parkinsonian symptoms but may worsen it in some cases.

Signs of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

NMS is characterized by severe muscle rigidity, high fever, autonomic instability, and altered mental status.

Phenytoin Drug Interactions

Phenytoin can produce drug interactions via CYP450 enzyme induction, affecting metabolism of concurrent medications.

Unique Adverse Effect of Trazodone

Priapism is a unique adverse effect of trazodone, requiring immediate medical attention if it occurs.

Bupropion Uses Beyond Depression

Bupropion is also used for smoking cessation and can help with ADHD management.

Major Side Effect of Venlafaxine

Increased blood pressure is a significant side effect associated with venlafaxine, particularly at higher doses.

Prototype of the SSRI Class

Fluoxetine is considered the prototype selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).

Adverse Effects of Lithium

Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal upset, tremor, and potential thyroid dysfunction.

Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

Symptoms arise from an excess of dopamine in the CNS, particularly affecting dopaminergic pathways.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking or speech.

Definition of Akathisia

Akathisia is characterized by an uncomfortable feeling of inner restlessness and a compelling urge to be in constant motion.

Biogenic Amine Theory of Depression

Deficiencies in serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine neurotransmitters are associated with the development of depression.

Adverse Effects of Barbiturates

Barbiturates can cause sedation, respiratory depression, and potential for dependence, with overdose leading to coma.

Partial Agonist for Anxiety Treatment

Buspirone is a partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors, effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder.

Characteristics of Serotonin Syndrome

Serotonin syndrome presents with symptoms like agitation, confusion, rapid heart rate, hypertension, and tremors.

Mechanism of Action of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

TCAs function by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, increasing their levels in the synaptic cleft.

TCA for Neuropathic Pain and Migraines

Amitriptyline is utilized for certain types of neuropathic pain and migraine prevention.

TCA Overdose Treatment

The treatment for TCA overdose involves supportive care, potentially including gastric lavage and sodium bicarbonate for cardiotoxic effects.

Life-Threatening Condition from MAOIs and Tyramine

Hypertensive crisis may develop if patients taking MAOIs consume foods containing tyramine.

Phenytoin and Folate Absorption

Phenytoin can cause megaloblastic anemia by interfering with folate absorption.

Carbamazepine Uses Beyond Epilepsy

Carbamazepine is also used in the treatment of bipolar disorder and trigeminal neuralgia.

Antiepileptic Medication and Pregnancy

Valproate is known to cause neural tube defects and craniofacial abnormalities when used during pregnancy.

Clonazepam Seizure Treatment

Clonazepam is effective in treating absence seizures and other seizure disorders.

Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, and Oral Contraceptives

Both phenytoin and carbamazepine can decrease the efficacy of oral contraceptives by inducing liver enzymes.

Topiramate Uses Beyond Epilepsy

Topiramate is also used for migraine prevention and in weight management adjunct therapy.

Sumatriptan Mechanism for Migraine Prophylaxis

Sumatriptan works by agonizing serotonin receptors to alleviate and prevent migraine attacks.

Common Side Effects of Ergotamine

Common side effects of ergotamine include nausea, vomiting, and potential peripheral vasoconstriction.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the unique adverse effect of trazodone, alternative uses of bupropion, its impact on sexual dysfunction, and safety considerations in patients with epilepsy.