Trastornos do Ánimo e Ansiedade

Mood Disorders

• Anatomofunctional Alterations:

  • Reduced volume in the hippocampus.
  • Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex (dorsolateral and ventromedial areas).
  • Increased activity in the amygdala.
  • Changes in the nucleus and hypothalamus.

• Neurochemical Alterations:

  • Reduced serotonin levels.
  • Reduced noradrenaline levels.
  • Impaired dopamine levels (both increased and decreased).
  • Increased GABA levels.
  • Increased glutamate levels.

• Treatment:

  • Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors.
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
  • Tricyclic antidepressants.
  • Atypical antidepressants.

Anxiety

• Anatomofunctional Alterations:

  • Reduced activity in the Raphe nucleus.
  • Reduced serotonin and increased noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex.
  • Increased activity and reduced serotonin in the amygdala.
  • Impaired dopamine, GABA, and serotonin function in the hippocampus.

• Neurophysiological Alterations:

  • Reduced activity of serotonin and GABA.
  • Increased activity of noradrenaline.
  • Impaired dopaminergic function.

• Treatment: (No specific treatments listed)

Schizophrenia

• Anatomofunctional Alterations:

  • Enlarged brain ventricles.
  • Increased cortical sulci.
  • Reduced volume in frontal areas, thalamus, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, medial parietal lobes (left hemisphere).

• Neurophysiological Alterations:

  • Increased dopamine activity (mesolimbic pathway).
  • Reduced dopamine activity (mesocortical pathway).
  • Impaired serotonin receptors (inhibiting dopamine release).
  • Impaired glutamatergic receptors (potentially impacting dopamine release).

• Treatment:

  • Typical and atypical antipsychotics (differing targeting impacts on positive and negative symptoms).

Alzheimer's Disease

• Anatomophysiological Alterations:

  • Cortical atrophy (in parietal and temporal areas).
  • Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
  • Accumulation of TAU protein.
  • Disrupted neuronal fibers.
  • Loss of neuronal connections (particularly in the hippocampus).

• Neurophysiological Alterations:

  • Reduced cholinergic transmission (in the hippocampus).
  • Increased activity of acetylcholine esterase.
  • Impaired NMDA glutamate receptors.
  • Impaired serotonin and noradrenaline neurotransmitters; potentially impacting glutamate or dopamine release (unclear).

• Treatment:

  • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
  • NMDA receptor antagonists.
  • Antidepressants.
  • Atypical antipsychotics.
  • Phytotherapies/supplements.

Este cuestionario explora as alteracións anatomofuncionais e neuroquímicas asociadas aos trastornos do ánimo e da ansiedade. Tamén se abordan diversas opcións de tratamento, como os inhibidores da recaptación de serotonina e noradrenalina. Proba os teus coñecementos sobre este importante tema da psicoloxía clínica.