Transportation Technology: 19th-20th Century

• The 19th and 20th centuries saw daily life altered by technological advances in transportation, communication, and energy conversion technologies.
• From Galileo's era to the present, science and technology have shaped human existence, leading to rapid urbanization and modernization.
• Jean Joseph Entienne Lenoir pioneered the internal combustion engine, leading to the automobile.
• Henry Ford transformed production with the assembly line, adopted widely.
• Mid-20th century computer advancements revolutionized motor vehicle technology.
• Ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley developed roads initially for animals and wheeled vehicles around 3000 BC.
• Romans innovated road construction to consolidate conquered regions.
• 18th-century engineering enabled modern roads, with motorways and highways introduced in the 20th century for faster transit.
• Modern highways are designed straight, using elevated sections and tunnels to bypass congested areas, and separate traffic lanes for safety.
• Flyovers and overpasses provide access to connecting roads without disrupting traffic flow.
• Modern highways include lighting, wide shoulders, speed-change lanes, and traffic signals, with flying vehicles emerging for commercial use.
• The Philippines has adopted foreign innovations and built infrastructure like the North Diversion Road and flyovers outside Manila.
• GPS and mobile apps like WAZE now assist motorists with navigation and real-time traffic information.
• The modernization of land transportation has led to complex problems.
• With increased vehicle numbers, traffic systems have become outdated.
• Traffic congestion is now a common issue, with traffic jams occurring frequently.
• Culprits for traffic jams in the US include accidents and construction, with 60% being non-recurring.
• In New Jersey, traffic jams stem from poor intersection planning, narrow roads, and ramp overflow.
• In the Philippines, traffic congestion is caused by accidents, construction, undisciplined drivers, poor traffic control, and weather.
• In Baguio, rainfall can disrupt traffic flow due to traffic lights becoming inoperative.
• Solutions to reduce traffic issues include low-cost treatments for accident-prone areas, improved road markings, and better street lighting.
• Law enforcement, enhanced by technology, plays a crucial role in improving road safety.
• Modern traffic control systems use computerized sensors to monitor traffic volume and adjust signals.
• The Philippines has adopted strategies like optimizing traffic control and reorganizing the Land Transportation Office (LTO).
• The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) focuses on traffic management in Metro Manila.
• Traffic enforcement is intensified with the help of the Philippine National Police-Traffic Management Group.
• Traffic problems persist despite government efforts, affecting the economy and causing inconvenience to tourists.
• Continuous emissions from motor vehicles contribute to environmental degradation, with road transport being a major source of nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
• Smog from vehicle emissions and factories is common in Manila.
• In Baguio, air pollution is a result of continuous burning of carbon fuel by motor vehicles
• Traffic congestion is a major issue in urbanized areas and municipalities across the Philippines, which calls for effective traffic management and accident investigation.
• The traffic system includes traffic law enforcers, students, road users, pedestrians, and motorists
• An understanding of traffic issues offers the best approaches to correction.

Lesson 1.1: Manpower, Animal Power, and Wind Power

• Transportation involves moving people and goods from one place to another.
• Tracing the historical development of human transportation would take a long time. Transportation relies on human, animal, and wind power.
• The need to travel dates back to the creation of human beings, with Biblical references indicating early human movement.
• Nomadic people migrate based on their understanding of exploitable resources.
• Nomads are pastoralists migrating to find pasture lands.
• Foraging populations wander in search of food, which was how 99% of all humanity once lived.
• Pastoral nomads move with their families and herds, dictated by seasonal changes.
• Gypsies, tinkers, and similar groups are itinerants in complex societies.
• Early humans traveled on foot, carrying loads or pulling sleds, seeking efficiency.

Ancient Modes of Transportation

• Manpower - Early humans carried their own burdens, which is still relevant in many parts of the world today.
• Walking (traveling by foot) - Man first started walking.
• Carrying Pole - In China and the Far East, it is a carrying device that is balanced on one shoulder; in the Pacific, people on the end of the pole support goods.
• Back Load and Tumpline - Goods are carried on the back.
• Sledge on rollers - Heavy loads placed on sledges over rollers.
• Sledge on runners - Man-drawn sledge during the Old Stone Age.
• Travois - A platform dragged by humans or animals.
• Animal Power - It increased transportation power as pack animals were introduced to save labor.

Common Animals used by Human Beings

• Ox- Cattle, domesticated in Mesopotamia, used as draft animals to draw war chariots still used today
• Reindeer - First domesticated in Siberia during the Christian era, they draw sledges.
• Dog - The first domesticated animal, used to carry light loads or pull travois
• Donkey - First domesticated in the Middle East, carries goods between cities.
• Llama - Used as a pack animal in the Andes.
• Elephant - Used in war, processions, and lumber industry.
• Horse - Around 2,000 B.C., horse-drawn chariots appeared in southwest Asia
• Camel - Used for transport in Central Asia and Arabia.
• Yak - Used as a pack animal in high altitudes.WIND POWER.

WInd Power

• Wind Power involved utilizing moving air to lift objects
• Ancient Chinese Kite - It was used for transport and bridge building and rope fastening.
• Da Vinci's Ornithopter - Leonardo da Vinci studied bird flight and designed flapping-wing aircraft.
• Montgolfier Balloon - The Montgolfier brothers released balloons, with the balloon rising for 20 minutes
• Siemens' Rocket Plane - Ernst Werner Von Siemens designed rocket plane propelled by gunpowder in 1847
• Lilienthal Glider - Otto Lilienthal studied bird flight and experimented with gliders.
• Santos Dumont's Airship - Alberto Santos Dumont built airships in the late 1890s and early 1900s.
• Wright Brothers' Flying Machine - Inspired by Lilienthal, the Wright brothers flew a powered machine in 1903.
• Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis - Following the Wright brothers' flight, aviation rapidly grew, setting new records in air transportation.
• Air transport covers distances faster, however it is not economical and inaccessible. Transportation relies heavily on conceiving and inventing air transportation.

Lesson 1.2 Wheeled Vehicles and Road

• As man sought to improve transport efficiency, the goal was to move people and property with minimal time, effort, and money.
• Early transportation: man first traveled by foot, later domesticating animals to carry goods and pull sleds.
• Wheel - Invented in Western Asia which progressed transportation; evidence suggests simultaneous invention in Southwest Asia and Mesopotamia
• As wheels were perfected, wagons appeared in the valleys and Asia around 3500 B.C., which enabled greater movements
• Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel is the oldest wheel found in Europe.

Earliest types of wheeled carts

• Solid wheels on fixed axle - Solid wheels of wood rotated on a single axle.
• Sumerian chariot with flank wheels - It was built of three pieces, and was more durable than the one-piece wheel.

Ancient wheeled vehicles in Ancient Rome

• Arcera - Used for conveying the sick and infirm.
• Arcima - A small conveyance for one person.
• Basterna - For women traveling, borne by two mules.
• Benna - Four-wheeled, made of wicker, accommodated travelers.
• Carpentum - Used by early Romans from 500 B.C, covered carriage with two wheels, two or three people, drawn by mules, horses, or oxen
• Carruca - Four-wheeled, drawn by horses or mules, used by imperial families.
• Carrus - Two-wheeled cart used by Roman armies.
• Cisium - Open vehicle with two wheels used for rapid travels.
• Pilentum - Used by upper-class women, carried sacred vessels.
• Four-Wheeled Plaustrum - The vehicle is usually used for heavy burdens.
• Raeda - Gallic vehicle which had room for family and luggage.
• Sarracum - Traveling vehicle for Roman farmers and families.
• Tensa - A sacred vehicle is elaborately ornamented with ivory and silver that was used during games.
• Wheeled vehicles required roads that were soon built to accommodate the larger vehicles.

Roads

• Romans - They were major road builders that reached 50,000 miles with feeder roads.

• JOHN L. MCADAM - He perfected the macadamized road in England about 1815, perfecting feeder road building

• Over time, highways suffered maintenance, in which the invention of toll roads continued to ease and speed land travel

• Larger carriages and vehicles were the basis of modern highway construction.

Lesson 1.3 Evolution of Motor Vehicles

• Motorized transportation appeared over the last three hundred years.
• A. STEAM ENGINE was perfected in the 1760's by James Watt, which provided power for the industries
• B. By the end of 18th century, French, Scottish, and American inventors applied a steam engine to water navigation
• Frenchman Jacques Perier built a steamboat in 1775.
• Robert Fulton launched the steamboat Clermont on the Hudson River in 1807.
• The steamer Savannah crossed the Atlantic in 1819. Steam navigation replaced the vessels.

Steam Locomotives

• C. RAILROADS Horse-drawn wagons with wooden wheels and rails that were used in mines during the 17th century.
• Richard Trevithick and other inventors adapted locomotives to the mine railway between 1797 and 1813.
• George Stephenson built the Stockton and Darlington railway, which first began the railroad building
• The United States had tremendous growth in rail transport.

Road vehicles

• D. SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE began with the adaptation of COACH SPRING about 1650.
• The ENGLISH ROADS were so bad that the coaches averaged 4 mph and The mail was only carried by horses
• E. JOHN PALMER introduced the first fast mail coach in March of 1785 leading to a full English coach system

Invention of the Bicycle

• F. THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE in the early 19th century served as a nursery of automobile builders.
• The German Baron Karl Von Drais in 1817 introduced by steerable wheel: creating the "draisienne," or "dandy horse."
• In 1838, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith, made the first machine with pedals.

Motor Vehicles

• H. MOTOR VEHICLE was the first mode of transportation to challenge the railroads.

• Ferdinand Verbiest, a Jesuit Missionary in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle in around 1672

• Nicolas Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his fardier a vapeur ("steam dray"), an artillery tractor.

• By 1784, William Murdoch had built a model for a steam Carriage.

• In 1801, Richard Trevithick ran a full-sized vehicle on the road in Camborne.

• In 1789, Oliver Evans was granted the first United States automobile patent.

• In 1806, Swiss engineer Francoiz Isaac de Rivaz built used the engine powered by combusting mixtures.

• In 1815, Josef Bozek, a Professor, built an oil-fired steam car.

• In 1826, Englishman Samuel Brown tested his hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine.

• In 1838, Walter Hancock, built and operated steam buses in London

• In 1838, Christian Friedrich Shontien discovered in principle the hydrogen fuel cell.

• Around 1844, Charles Goodyear invented the vulcanized rubber for tires.

• Around 1845-46, the Scottish Robert William Thomson, invented the first vulcanized rubber tire.

• In 1858, Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir also known as Jean J. Lenoir, a Belgian engineer developed the internal combustion engine.

• In 1859, Gaston Plante invented the lead-acid battery Anyos Jedlik invented he electic motor.

• In 1860, Lenoir's Hippomobile made a test drive Paris to Joinville-le-Pont, covering some nine kilometers .

• In 1867, Canadian Henry Seth Taylor demonstrated a 4-wheeled "steam buggy."

• In 1870, Austrian inventor Siegfried Marcus put combustion engine on handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline and known as the first Marcus car

• In 1871, Dr. J.W. Carhart, invented the first steam powered carriage.

• In 1873, French Amedee Bollee produced the first "real" self-propelled steam road vehicles to transport groups of passengers.

• On May 8, 1879, American George B. Selden filed for a patent which included not only the engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car.

• In 1882, Italy's Enrico Bernardi patented motor, fitting in a tricycle.

• In 1883, Marcus secured a German patent for a ignition system.

• In 1884, a Edouard Delamare-Deboutteville vehicle was patented.

• In 1885, Karl Benz built his first automobile in Mannheim

• In 1885, Daimler built the first high speed internal Combustion engine.

• In 1887 (late 19th century), John Boyd Dunlop developed the first practical pneumatic tire

• In 1888, Karl Benz produced cars, Emile Roger produced automobiles in France, and Daimler and Wilhelm designed an automobile.

• In 1889, Panhard et Lavassor of France was the first company to build first four-cylnder engine exclusively

• In 1890's, horseless-carriage appeared in the U.S.

• In 1893, brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded automobiles

• In 1893, German inventor Rudolf Diesel developed the diesel engine which used heat compression

• In 1895, Andre Michelin used tyres.

• In 1897, Czech company later named produced the first motor car in central Europe.

• In 1908, Henry Ford introduced the MODEL T, where mass production was adopted.

• In 1911, Philip Strauss invented car tyre.

• In 1956, Felix Wankel advanced engine.

• Man now continuously large trucks and buses, where LRT/MRT are expediting expeditious traffic users.

Lesson 2.1 Fundamentals of Traffic Management

• Traffic Management is best understood by understanding terminology according to their Operations and definitions
• UN-VCRT in 1968 set the parameters. The Highway Safety Design Standards were published in 2012.Definitions by DPWH)

Definitions

• ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS/ROADS- Urban roads from collector roads as express or freeways.
• ARTICULATED VEHICLE- Combination of vehicles
• BUILT-UP AREA- Area with entries and exits especially as signs.
• CARRIAGEWAY- Road normally used by vehicles.
• COLLECTOR HIGHWAY- Road connects to arterials and funnel traffic one way
• COMBINATION OF VEHICLES- Vehicles which travel on road as a unit
• CYCLE-two wheels that are propelled by muscular energy
• DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC-Direction of traffic and approproact eto the direction of traffic
• DOMESTIC LEGISLATION- entirety of law and relations
• DRIVER- Person driving a vehicle

Key Road Definitions

• GIVE WAY- Driver must not resume or continue in a way to compel drivers to change direction
• HIGHWAY- every way dedicated to a authority is open
• INTERSECTION- Level Junction
• LADEN WEIGHT- actual weight of the vehicle.
• LANE- Longitudinal strips of carriageway
• LEVEL-CROSSING - railway -tramway crossing
• LIGHT TRAILER. Permissble Max 9750kg
• MANAGEMENT - skillful accomplishments
• MOPED- 2-3 wheeler cylinder under 50cc and speeddesign not exceding 50km
• MOTOR CYCLE- 2 wheeler with engine

Motor Vehicles

• Means any power driven vehicle, including trolley, does not cover tractors or incidentals

-MOTORWAY - road specially designed and built for motor traffic -1968 -OPERATION- course of actions effect a certain purpose -PARKED- is stationary for short period or goods -PERMISIBILE WEIGHT -Maximum weight -POWER DRIVEN VEHICLE - self propelled

Definitions :

• 1. National Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting provinces and/or cities
• 2. Provincial Roads -These are roads/streets interconnecting municipalities and/or cities within a province. City Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting barangays with a city
• 4. Municipal Roads -These are roads/streets interconnecting barangays within a municipality
• 5. Barangay Roads - These are roads/streets located within a barangay which connect sitios or places thin a barangay
• ROAD USERS-Any persons are using the road include cyclist etc.
• ROADWAY - portion of road vehicles pass

RURAL ROADS

• over limit and marked UN -SHOULDER - each side. -SIDEWALK - paved side walk

Legal

• STANDING VEHICLE - Stationary short time
• THROUGH HIGHWAY- Way given right of way signs
• THRUWAY- Highway Limited exists - freeway
• TRAFFIC- Movement for travel
• TRAFFIC WAY- customs way
• TRAIL ER- Designed to be by power vehicle -Weight
• URBAN - speed under -INTERSECTION Most state intersection and the area which vehicles conflict and juncitons crossing.
• Number - commonly roadway - angles when skewed
• Staggered Successive cross roads
• Traffic Light devices

Controlled traffic

Yield Controlled Intersection Stop controled Install four stop Traffic Circles rotary, and island sign

Uncotnroled

no light and Right way observation Box juction protbits exit cleared CloverLeaft - high interchange 4 leaf cover exits anyhigh The inherent point problem

Traffic Management

• Traffic management is application proces for skills and budget
• A highway transport agency improving safety

-Is is orgnanisation guidance and stationary travel -Efficiency is at traffic management

Traffic management

• traditional engineer tools devise control traffic light and pavement islanders
• Advanced device- Road car sencors -Elements- Road - systems enforcement

Causes

Major Causes of Traffic Congestion

-Based on Studies by Authorities -Physical Insecurity - Lack Roads bridges -Poor controls Rules -Traffic Errors

-B. Specific Traffic Problem encounter traffic

Build Up - highways -Congestion on roads

Occuring jams

-slow - Stationary -Narrow points

-Grid cloks  blockade intersections

• accidents - events with damaged death.

  -collisions instance one move

  -Scopes

• All public surface facilitates that parking lot controls

Agencies Management

-Responsibilities to requirements

• All angencies licensing

Transport

Agency Traffic

Department transpotaion implement driver register City and municipal- Construce traffic Department publilc works Highways

• Legislative Goverment appovals -Phillpine police High watrol Group rules Traffic - managment bueros -Academic - education -courts - Judgement Public offices Government provide
  • BPAT - Team security
• Citizen Groups - private assist with traffic
• Trimeda GOE provide traffic governemt