Transport Policies and Urban Planning

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Questions and Answers

What factors influence the length and mode of transport in relation to land-use and spatial planning policies?

Factors include the proximity of public transport facilities, convenience, and perceived safety.

How do behavioral change measures affect transport demand, particularly regarding cycling?

Behavioral change measures like providing information on travel alternatives encourage a shift from pedestrians to cycling, often resulting in a negative shift from drivers.

What is the single largest determinant of emissions and fuel use in transport?

Driver behavior is the single largest determinant of emissions and fuel use.

What are some barriers that public bike schemes aim to address to promote cycling?

Public bike schemes address barriers such as theft, home storage, and maintenance of bikes. Signup and view all the answers

How should pricing measures in transport policy be designed to influence travel behavior?

Pricing measures should encourage a change of modes that minimize negative social and environmental impacts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle behind the 'Polluter pays' approach in addressing negative externalities?

The 'Polluter pays' principle ensures that the costs of negative externalities, such as pollution, are borne by the entity responsible for generating them. Signup and view all the answers

How do vehicle restricted areas contribute to improved air quality in urban settings?

Vehicle restricted areas actively regulate vehicle activity to limit unnecessary trips and congestion, thereby reducing emissions and improving air quality. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways can pricing and availability of parking influence travel choices in cities?

Higher parking prices and limited availability can discourage car use, prompting individuals to consider alternative transport options such as public transit. Signup and view all the answers

What role do Low Emission Zones (LEZ) play in traffic management and emissions reduction?

Low Emission Zones limit access for high-polluting vehicles, which helps to reduce overall emissions and improve urban air quality. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for cities to understand the benefits of public transport use despite not expecting to break even on ticket revenues?

Encouraging public transport use leads to reduced congestion, lower emissions, and overall better urban mobility, outweighing the lack of profit from ticket sales. Signup and view all the answers

How does the relationship between transport demand and emissions affect urban planning?

Increased transport demand leads to more congestion and emissions, necessitating careful urban planning to balance mobility and environmental impact. Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of total EU carbon emissions is attributed to road transport?

Road transport contributes to ⅕ of total EU carbon emissions. Signup and view all the answers

What are two behavioural changes that can promote sustainable transport options?

Education of the public and providing real-time information on travel alternatives are key behavioural changes. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to address the noise-health relationship in transport policies?

Addressing this relationship is crucial as 65 million people in the EU are exposed to harmful noise levels, affecting their health. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'nudge' tactics in promoting sustainable transport?

'Nudge' tactics encourage individuals to adopt sustainable transport options without restricting freedom of choice. Signup and view all the answers

How does bike-sharing serve as an effective alternative to traditional public transport?

Bike-sharing can replace 7-13% of car, motorbike, or taxi trips, making it an efficient alternative to traditional public transport. Signup and view all the answers

What two tactics are used to encourage a modal shift in transport?

Transport policies utilize both 'nudge' and 'shove' tactics to promote a modal shift towards sustainable options. Signup and view all the answers

What role does public education play in reducing transport-related emissions?

Public education informs individuals about sustainable transport options, influencing behaviour to decrease emissions. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Accessibility & Mobility

Accessibility is defined as the potential or actual opportunities reachable in terms of activity.
The number of possible opportunities are available per location and per person.
Key concepts for accessibility and mobility are location and separation.
Location is tied to the surrounding transportation infrastructure.
Separation is associated with connectivity between locations measures such as distance, time or cost.
The four key components of accessibility and mobility include:
- Land use components - quantity, quality and spatial distribution of land uses, and demand for opportunities.
- Transportation components - time, cost, effort and disutility from imbalance in supply and demand.
- Temporal components - availability of services at different times.
- Individual components - age, income, education and physical condition.
Demand for transport comes from derived demand.
- Direct derived demand is directly from economic, educational, and social activities.
- Indirect derived demand is created by the requirements of other movements. (e.g. going to the petrol station).

Demand & Distance Types

Euclidean and Transport Distances are discussed.
Logistical distance also exists.
The links between land use and transport are addressed by assessing the relationships between these topics.

Accessibility Measures

Infrastructure based: Analysing observed or simulated service performance (such as congestion and average travel speed).
Location based: Analyse level of accessibility to spatially distributed locations (e.g. jobs within a 30-minute bus ride).
Person-based: Analyse accessibility at the individual level. (e.g. the number of activities a person can participate in) which analyses economic benefits of access to spatially distributed activities.

Transport & Environment

Discusses the relationship between transport and the environment (Week (5)).
Impact of transport on the environment:
- Land-use
- Emissions
The transport-environment link illustrates the relationship (multi-faceted).
Shows the impacts and outputs of environmental changes.

Road Transport & Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Road transport contributes to most EU total carbon emissions.
Greenhouse gas emissions by sector in the EU (2020) show the transport sector as a major contributor.

Noise-Health Relationship

65m people in the EU are exposed to above normal noise levels.
Stressors include sleep disturbance, annoyance, heart disease and cognitive outcomes.

The Dublin Transport Initiative (DTI) (1999)

There are two phases to the DTI, the first looked at changes in transport in the Dublin region, and the second phase developed a long-term strategy for transport.
Recommended strategies:
- Roads
  - Completion of C-ring motorway
  - Improvement of radial links (mostly beyond C-ring)
  - Few improvements and new provisions inside the C-ring (except for Port Tunnel)
  - Traffic calming measures (HGV management)
- Public Transport
  - Development of 11 QBCs
  - High frequency services
  - Priority signalling
  - High-quality waiting areas
  - Real-time arrival information
Extension of the DART line to Malahide and Greystones, capacity improvement on the Maynooth line and development of light rail transport.

Dublin Transport Strategy (DTS)

€1.28 billion for development
47% allocated for Roads, 43% on public transport, and 10% on management.

Regional Planning Guidelines (2004)

Development around established settlement centres
Move away from new town ideology.
Mixed-use development to support public transport.
Reduce stress on public transport infrastructure.

Sustainable Transport (Week 6)

Definition of sustainable transport: Capacity to support mobility needs of people, freight, and information in a least damageable way.
Promotes:
- Environmental protection
- Economic efficiency
- Social progress
SDGs:
- Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
- Sustainable Cities and Communities

Technology & The Future

Average CO2 emissions from cars (graphical data).
Technology rapidly improving
Real change in transport price
World automobile production (2000-2023)

Transport & Urban Spatial Organisation

Density = trip length (inverse relationship)
Density examples are given (e.g. Moscow, Atlanta).
Negative density profiles (e.g. Moscow).
Johannesburg and apartheid.

Transport & Airport Planning (Week 10)

The Airport Interchange: One intervention to sustain three ambitions (an airport, an airport city and a polycentric metropolitan region).
Airport Corridor
Concept of Airport City, heavily pursued in Europe.
Types of airport cities:
- Mixed, single conurbation of city and airport (e.g., (example)).
- Isolated airport city (e.g., Stockholm, Munich).
- City-Oriented airport city (e.g., newly-built districts close to airport).
- Integrated airport city (e.g., Vienna).
- Global urban airport city (e.g., Frankfurt).
Economic impacts of airports
- Indirect, catalytic and induced effects/influences of airport activity.
- Multi-dimensional relationships and activities/outputs from airports.
- Job creation resulting from airports.

Policy Solutions for Transport (Week 9)

When considering solutions consider what drives demand (few journeys are for the sake of journeys.)
Length + mode are strongly influenced by land-use + spatial planning policies.
Proximity of public transport facilities and convenience are factors.
Land use and spatial planning policy is used to control patterns of land use and therefore transport demand.
Behavioural changes can be effective.
Driver and fleet behaviour
Fleet retrofitting (shared modes, public biking schemes)
Pricing & Access Control
- Pricing measures encourage change of modes with minimal social + environmental impacts
- Negative externalities—polluter pays principle
- Internalising prices
Other pricing approaches
- City understanding of benefits of encouraging public transport use
Access control & management
- Vehicle restrictions (LEZ), parking management

Vehicle Restricted Areas (VRAs) & Low Emission Zones (LEZs)

Widely used in Europe
Actively regulate vehicle activity
Most targeted at freight
Aim to improve air quality and consider the needs of the population.

Parking Management

Congestion caused by drivers looking for parking.
Up to 50% of congestion caused by drivers looking for parking.

Exam Information

December 9th (time)
Bring ID
5 questions, answer 3

Additional Readings

Job-housing balance heavily influences commuting patterns
Excess commuting and various inefficiencies in urban layouts
Shadow prices evaluate relative locational advantages/disadvantages.
Findings in Dublin: Urban structure shift, adaptable private transport.

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Description

Explore the key factors influencing transport demand in relation to land-use and spatial planning policies. This quiz emphasizes behavioral changes, pricing measures, and strategies to improve cycling and public transport. Understand the implications of transport policies on urban air quality and emissions reduction.