Sheet 7 Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the driving force that causes the flow of oxygen in gas diffusion?

  • Solubility
  • Temperature difference
  • Pressure difference (correct)
  • Molecular weight

    • What factor is inversely proportional to resistance in the context of gas transport?

  • Surface area
  • Permeability (correct)
  • Solubility
  • Thickness

    • How is the diffusion coefficient for oxygen considered in comparison to other gases?

  • It is equal to 0.8
  • It is equal to 1 (correct)
  • It is not mentioned in the text
  • It is equal to 20

    • What does the DLCO (diffusion capacity of CO) equal to in the provided text?

    <p>17ml/min/mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the thickness factor calculated in determining the permeability of gases?

    <p>(Sol/A)*√MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is molecular weight considered the least important factor in gas diffusion?

    <p>Because it's under a square root in the permeability equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DLCO2 equal to DLO2 times 20?

    <p>To indirectly measure DLO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the extraction ratio of oxygen in the patient described?

    <p>It increases to 50%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the entire lung during exercising?

    <p>Becomes zone 3 and works more efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a muscle is paralyzed and not taking any O2, what happens to the PO2 in the interstitial?

    <p>It increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a vasodilator is given to a patient with increased flow?

    <p>PO2 in the interstitial remains the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of CO poisoning on oxygen saturation in the blood?

    <p>Leads to decreased oxygen saturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a normal muscle with higher metabolism, what happens to the PO2 in the interstitial?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a patient has 7.5g/dl of hemoglobin in blood?

    <p>Decreased concentration of O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to PO2 during exercise?

    <p>It remains constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the PO2-O2 sat curve shifted to the left in CO poisoning?

    <p>To reflect a leftward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the competitive inhibition of CO affect oxygen levels in the body?

    <p>Reduces the effective oxygen concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does damage in the lungs affect oxygen diffusion based on the text?

    <p>DLO2 decreases compared to normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the systemic arterial PO2 is 100 mmHg and hematocrit is 40%, what is the new systemic arterial PO2 if blood is added to increase hematocrit to 50%?

    <p>PO2=120 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the 5 mmHg difference between the expected and actual ABG for O2?

    <p>Venous admixture in the aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed during the breakdown of food molecules?

    <p>Respiratory exchange ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a VCO2/VO2 ratio of 1 indicate about the type of food being metabolized by the body?

    <p>Glucose consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much oxygen is consumed per minute if the heart pumps 50 dl of blood containing 20 ml O2 per dl, and each cell takes up 5 ml/dl?

    <p>$250$ ml/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force that causes the flow in gas diffusion?

    <p>Pressure difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the thickness factor calculated in determining the permeability of gases?

    <p>Thickness multiplied by Surface Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is considered the least important in gas diffusion according to the text?

    <p>Molecular Weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Diffusion Coefficient represent in the context of gas diffusion?

    <p>Solubility relative to Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating K, which represents permeability in gas diffusion?

    <p>(A/dx) * (Solubility / √Molecular Weight)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is DLCO (diffusion capacity of CO) related to DLO2 based on the text?

    <p>DLCO = DLO2 * 0.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the solubility of gases a significant factor in gas diffusion?

    <p>It affects the permeability of gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does surface area impact gas diffusion in the context of permeability?

    <p>Increases permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does exercising have on the efficiency of the lung according to the text?

    <p>It increases the efficiency by three times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the extraction ratio of oxygen in the patient mentioned?

    <p>It increases to 75%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CO poisoning affect oxygen saturation in the blood based on the text?

    <p>It decreases oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a muscle is normal but has higher metabolism, what happens to the PO2 in the interstitial?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue related to CO poisoning described in the text?

    <p>Normal ABG results for O2 don't signal low oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a vasodilator have on the PO2 in the interstitial when a muscle is paralyzed?

    <p>No change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of exercise on the PO2 in the lungs according to the text?

    <p>It remains relatively unchanged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the PO2-O2 sat curve in a patient with CO poisoning?

    <p>It shifts to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a patient with 7.5g/dl of hemoglobin in blood have normal ABG for O2 but decreased oxygen concentration in the blood?

    <p>As half of normal hemoglobin leads to halved O2 concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does damage affecting the diffusion capacity of oxygen in the lungs differ for a normal vs. damaged case?

    <p>The damaged case reaches a higher PO2 faster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the PVO2 when only 5ml of oxygen goes through the capillaries and veins instead of the normal distribution?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CO behave as a competitive inhibitor of O2 according to the text?

    <p>CO binds 250 times more tightly than O2 to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In exercise, why does the literature suggest that the PO2 would not change significantly or at all?

    <p>As the metabolism increases with flow, they balance out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does CO poisoning have on the oxygen concentration in the blood?

    <p>Decreases oxygen concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CO poisoning affect the neurons in the brain according to the text?

    <p>Has no impact on how they function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the systemic arterial PO2 is 100 mmHg and hematocrit is 40%, what is the systemic arterial PO2 if blood is added to decrease hematocrit to 30%?

    <p>PO2=70 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on systemic arterial PO2 if the heart pumps 60 dl of blood per minute instead of the initial 50 dl per minute, keeping all other factors constant?

    <p>PO2=120 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If arterial PO2 is 100 mmHg and oxygen consumption is reduced leading to only 3ml O2/dl being taken up by the cells, what will be the new arterial PO2?

    <p>PO2=60 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If only proteins are being metabolized for energy, what would be the expected VCO2/VO2 ratio based on the given information in the text?

    <p>0.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to arterial PO2 if blood with an arterial PO2 of 70 mmHg mixes with blood having an arterial PO2 of 110 mmHg?

    <p>PO2=100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact on arterial PO2 if there is an increase in venous blood mixing with the blood in the aorta due to increased bronchial circulation?

    <p>Decrease in PO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How will removing half of all red cells from arterial blood affect the arterial PO2?

    <p>$PO_2=30$ mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given that proteins have a VCO2/VO2 ratio of 0.8, what does this indicate about their metabolic utilization compared to fats?

    <p><strong>Proteins</strong> consume more <strong>oxygen</strong> than fats but produce less <strong>CO2</strong>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory exchange ratio or respiratory quotient (R.Q.) is used to determine the metabolic utilization of different types of food. If a mixed diet is consumed, what would be the expected R.Q. based on the provided information?

    <p>$R.Q.=0.8$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bronchial circulation and cardiac veins empty venous blood into both left and right portions of the heart, leading to venous admixture. What impact does this venous admixture have on the systemic arterial PO2?

    <p><strong>Decrease in systemic arterial PO2</strong> due to dilution by venous blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does the Resistance in gas transport depend on?

    <p>Permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the equation for calculating permeability (K) in gas diffusion, what does 'dx' represent?

    <p>Thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Molecular Weight factor influence in gas diffusion?

    <p>Permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using a Diffusion Coefficient in gas diffusion calculations?

    <p>Accounts for solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the solubility of O2 is taken as a reference value of 1, what would be the expected solubility of CO?

    <p>Equal to 1.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the DLCO value help calculate DLO2 in gas diffusion?

    <p><strong>DLCO</strong> divided by 0.8 equals <strong>DLO2</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to DLCO2 during exercising?

    <p>Increases due to more efficient lung function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CO poisoning impact oxygen saturation in the blood?

    <p>Decreases oxygen saturation levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with a patient experiencing CO poisoning?

    <p>Neurons reading normal ABG for O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does having 7.5g/dl of hemoglobin in blood affect oxygen concentration?

    <p>Decreases oxygen concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to DLO2 during exercise according to the text?

    <p>Increases by 3 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CO behave as a competitive inhibitor of O2 based on the information provided?

    <p>Binds 250 times tighter than O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the PO2 in the interstitial when a muscle is normal but with higher metabolism?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CO poisoning impact the diffusion capacity of oxygen in the lungs?

    <p>Reduces the diffusion capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does exercise have on the PO2 in the lungs according to the text?

    <p>No change in PO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does venous admixture due to bronchial circulation and cardiac veins impact the systemic arterial PO2?

    <p>Decreases arterial PO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would diffusion be limited according to the text?

    <p>With high membrane thickness in the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the extraction ratio of oxygen in a patient if oxygen distribution changes to only 5 ml going with the veins instead of the normal amount?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the arterial PO2 is 100 mmHg and a patient's oxygen consumption decreases to 200 ml/min, what will be the new arterial PO2?

    <p>PO2=80 mmHG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect would removing half of the red cells have on the arterial PO2 if the initial PO2 is 100 mmHg and content is 20ml O2/dl?

    <p>PO2=60 mmHG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a situation where the systemic arterial PO2 is 100 mmHg and the heart pumps 60 dl of blood per minute, what effect would this increased blood flow have on the arterial PO2?

    <p>PO2 remains at 100 mmHG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient has a hematocrit of 40% and an arterial PO2 of 100 mmHg, what will be the new arterial PO2 if blood is added to decrease the hematocrit to 30%?

    <p>PO2=90 mmHG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When only proteins are metabolized for energy, what would be the expected VCO2/VO2 ratio based on the provided information regarding metabolic utilization ratios?

    <p>0.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CO poisoning affect oxygen saturation in the blood based on the text provided?

    <p>Decreases oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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