2101 Ch14: Transport Layer Protocols Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which flag is used to indicate the urgency of data in a TCP segment?

  • RST
  • PSH
  • FIN
  • URG (correct)

What is the purpose of the acknowledgment (ACK) flag in TCP?

  • To establish sequence numbers
  • To indicate that a packet has been received (correct)
  • To request immediate delivery of data
  • To reset the connection

How does TCP ensure that packets arrive in the correct order?

  • By assigning sequence numbers to each segment (correct)
  • By using random sequence numbers for each packet
  • By prioritizing certain packets over others
  • By discarding out-of-order packets

What feature of TCP helps to maintain data flow and prevent device overload?

<p>Flow control mechanisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of UDP as compared to TCP?

<p>Offers faster data transmission with less overhead (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when TCP segments arrive out of order?

<p>They are held for later processing until missing segments arrive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why doesn’t the Initial Sequence Number (ISN) begin at one but rather at a random number?

<p>To avoid certain types of malicious attacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the sequence (SEQ) number in TCP?

<p>To identify the first byte of data in a segment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does TCP acknowledge received segments?

<p>By specifying the next expected byte. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does selective acknowledgment (SACK) allow in TCP?

<p>To acknowledge segments and bytes selectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is flow control in the context of TCP?

<p>The amount of data the destination can process reliably. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the window size play in TCP?

<p>It indicates the number of bytes that can be sent before acknowledgment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem can occur with expectational acknowledgment in traditional TCP?

<p>Redundant segment transmission leading to delays. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if segments 3 and 4 are lost when host A sends segments 1 through 10?

<p>Host A has no way of knowing if segments 5 through 10 were received. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using selective acknowledgment over traditional acknowledgment in TCP?

<p>It enables the sender to retransmit only missing segments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acknowledgment number in TCP indicate?

<p>The next byte expected by the receiver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conversation multiplexing in the transport layer?

<p>To interleave multiple communication streams on the same network. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol primarily focuses on ensuring reliable message transfer between hosts?

<p>Transport Control Protocol (TCP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is added to each block of data by the transport layer protocol to facilitate proper communication handling?

<p>Header information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does error checking play in data transmission at the transport layer?

<p>It determines if data segments were altered during transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a port number in the transport layer?

<p>To identify the target application for data streams. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transport layer protocol is characterized by simplicity and speed but lacks reliability?

<p>User Datagram Protocol (UDP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the transport layer ensure that all applications on a device receive the correct data?

<p>By assigning every application a unique identifier. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a responsibility of the transport layer?

<p>Routing packets based on addressing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from sending a type of data like a streaming video as one continuous communication stream?

<p>Prevention of other communication conversations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

URG flag

Indicates that the data in the segment has urgent information that needs immediate processing.

ACK flag

Used in TCP to acknowledge the receipt of a segment; essential for reliable communication.

PSH flag

Instructs the receiving TCP to push the received data immediately to the application layer.

RST flag

Used to terminate a TCP connection due to errors or timeouts, ensuring a clean disconnect.

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SYN flag

Used in TCP connection establishment for synchronizing sequence numbers between the sender and receiver.

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FIN flag

Signals that the sender has no more data to send, initiating the closing of the TCP connection.

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Sequence number

A number assigned to each TCP segment to identify it and maintain the order of data.

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TCP Segment Retransmission

A TCP mechanism that resends unacknowledged data segments.

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SEQ Number

Identifies the first byte of data in a transmitted segment.

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ACK Number

Indicates the next expected byte in a TCP transmission.

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Expectational Acknowledgement

TCP acknowledgement scheme that only specifies the next expected byte.

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Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)

An optional TCP feature that allows the receiver to explicitly acknowledge received segments, including discontinuous ones.

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TCP Flow Control

Mechanisms to regulate the rate of data transmission between source and destination to maintain reliability.

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Window Size

A 16-bit field in the TCP header that determines how many bytes can be sent before an acknowledgement is required.

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Duplicate segments

Segments that are resent but already received and acknowledged by the destination.

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Three-way handshake

The initial connection-establishment process in TCP, where the two machines negotiate parameters (including SACK) and establish a mutually agreed upon communication window.

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Transport Layer Segmentation

Dividing application data into smaller, manageable blocks (segments or datagrams) for easier transport.

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Header Information

Binary data added to each segment by the transport layer, containing fields used for different communication management tasks.

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Data Reassembly

The transport layer reconstructs the original data stream from segmented blocks at the receiving end.

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Port Number

Unique identifier assigned to each software process accessing the network, enabling the transport layer to direct data to the correct application.

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Conversation Multiplexing

Transport layer technique allowing multiple conversations to be interleaved on a shared network, utilizing segmentation.

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Transport Layer Protocols

Protocols that manage reliable message transfer, including error handling and data reliability.

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IP Layer

Focuses on packet structure, addressing, and routing, but not on message transmission.

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Segment

A smaller block of data created by transport layer protocol used in communicating via TCP.

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Datagrams

A smaller block of data created by transport layer protocol used in communicating via UDP.

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Study Notes

Transport Layer

  • Data is transported from one host to another at the transport layer.
  • Two main protocols are used: TCP and UDP.
  • TCP is like a registered letter—it requires a signature and confirmation of delivery, so it's slower but more reliable.
  • UDP is like a regular, stamped letter—it's faster but doesn't guarantee delivery, and it's used for applications where speed is more important.

Role of the Transport Layer

  • The transport layer facilitates communication between applications running on different hosts.
  • It creates logical communication channels between applications.
  • It handles tasks like session establishment and reliable data transmission.
  • It's independent of the physical network and underlying media.

Tracking Individual Conversations

  • Each conversation between applications is tracked separately by the transport layer
  • The transport layer maintains multiple conversations concurrently.

Segmenting Data

  • Data is divided into smaller, more manageable pieces called segments or datagrams.
  • This is done to accommodate networks with limitations on packet size.

Transport Layer Header Information

  • Header information is added to each data segment.
  • This information contains binary data organized into fields that enable functions in managing data communication, like reassembling data blocks at the destination.

Identifying Applications

  • The transport layer has the ability to identify and direct data to different applications
  • This is accomplished through port numbers.

Conversation Multiplexing

  • Transport layer handles the segmentation and multiplexing of diverse data streams.
  • This allows numerous conversations to share the same network connection without interference.

TCP Protocol

  • TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that establishes a connection before data transmission.
  • It guarantees reliable delivery by checking for lost packets.
  • TCP divides data into segments and ensures that they're delivered in the correct order.
  • TCP provides sequence numbering to track segments and acknowledgements to confirm receipt.
  • TCP employs flow control to manage data transmission speed to avoid overwhelming the receiving device.

UDP Protocol

  • UDP is a connectionless protocol, meaning segments are sent without prior connection establishment.
  • It ensures minimal delay and is suitable for applications that tolerate some data loss.
  • UDP handles data in packets and does not acknowledge segment delivery.
  • UDP is less complex than TCP.

TCP/IP

  • Handles data reliability, delivery, and segment organization.
  • TCP/IP does not specify how the transport of packets takes place but is responsible for how messages transfer between hosts.
  • It specifies the reliability requirements of a conversation, for example, through TCP and UDP.

UDP

  • Is a simpler, faster protocol than TCP for applications that can tolerate some loss in their data communication, like video streaming.
  • Relies on the application layer to handle reliability if needed.
  • Uses port numbers to distinguish between different applications, similar to TCP.

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Transport Layer - Ch 14 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the essentials of the transport layer in networking, focusing on the key protocols: TCP and UDP. Understand how data is transported, the role of the transport layer in communication, and how it manages multiple conversations. Test your knowledge on segmenting data and reliable data transmission.

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