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Questions and Answers
What type of service does TCP offer?
What is the primary difference between TCP and UDP?
What is the purpose of the acknowledgment mechanism in TCP?
What is the purpose of the sequence number field in the TCP segment?
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What is the range of the header length in a TCP segment?
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What is the purpose of the window size field in the TCP segment?
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What is the primary function of the control field in the TCP segment?
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What is the function of the acknowledgment number field in the TCP segment?
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What is the primary benefit of TCP's reliability mechanism?
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How does TCP handle errors?
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Study Notes
Demultiplexing
- Demultiplexing is a process where an entity delivers items to more than one source
Flow Control at Transport Layer
- Flow control is necessary at the transport layer to ensure reliable communication between sender and receiver processes
- Four entities involved in communication at the transport layer: sender process, sender transport layer, receiver transport layer, and receiver process
Error Control
- Error control ensures the transport layer is reliable if required by the application
- Error control involves:
- Detecting and discarding corrupted packets
- Keeping track of lost and discarded packets and resending them
- Recognizing duplicate packets and discarding them
- Buffering out-of-order packets until the missing packets arrive
Connectionless vs Connection-Oriented Service
- Connectionless service: no connection is established before data transmission
- Connection-oriented service: connection is established before data transmission
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- UDP is a connectionless, unreliable transport protocol
- Provides process-to-process communication using port numbers
- Does not recognize any relationship between datagrams (connectionless)
- Optional checksum added to packets for error detection
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
- TCP is a connection-oriented, reliable transport protocol
- Provides connection-oriented/stream-oriented communication over a connectionless network layer protocol (IP)
- Supports flow control and error control
- Described in RFCs 793, 1122, 5681
- TCP lies between the application layer and the network layer, serving as an intermediary between application programs and network operations
TCP Characteristics
- Provides process-to-process communication using port numbers
- Stream-oriented protocol, creating an environment where two processes seem to be connected by an imaginary "tube" carrying bytes across the internet
- Needs buffers for storage due to differing sending and receiving rates
- Uses segmentation to group bytes together into packets
- Uses sequence numbers to reconstruct the data stream with segments in correct order
- Offers full-duplex service, allowing data to flow in both directions at the same time
- Performs multiplexing at the sender and demultiplexing at the receiver
- Reliable transport protocol using acknowledgment mechanism to check safe and sound arrival of data
- Provides flow, error, and congestion control
TCP Segment Format
- Consists of a header of 20 to 60 bytes, followed by data from the application
- Header fields include:
- Source port address (16-bit field)
- Destination port address (16-bit field)
- Sequence number (32-bit field)
- Acknowledgment number (32-bit field)
- Header length (4-bit field)
- Reserved (6-bit field)
- Control (enables flow control, connection establishment and termination, connection abortion, and the mode of data transfer in TCP)
- Window size
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of demultiplexing, flow control, and error control in the transport layer of computer networks. It includes topics such as detecting and discarding corrupted packets, keeping track of lost packets, and recognizing duplicate packets.
