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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the theory that differentiated between germplasm (reproductive cell) and somatoplasm (other body cell)?
What is the name of the theory that differentiated between germplasm (reproductive cell) and somatoplasm (other body cell)?
Weismann Theory
Who is considered the "father of genetics"?
Who is considered the "father of genetics"?
Gregor Johann Mendel
What are the seven traits Mendel studied in pea plants?
What are the seven traits Mendel studied in pea plants?
- Seed shape, seed color, flower color, pod shape, pod color, pod length, stem height
- Seed form, cotyledon, flower color, pod form, pod color, pod placement, stem size (correct)
- Seed type, cotyledon type, flower color, pod shape, pod color, pod type, stem length
- Seed size, seed color, flower shape, pod form, pod color, pod placement, stem size
Which term refers to the physical expression of a gene?
Which term refers to the physical expression of a gene?
What does the term "homozygous" refer to?
What does the term "homozygous" refer to?
Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles for a trait.
Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles for a trait.
What is the name of Mendel's first law?
What is the name of Mendel's first law?
What is a monohybrid cross?
What is a monohybrid cross?
What is a test cross, and what is its purpose?
What is a test cross, and what is its purpose?
In a monohybrid cross, if you cross a homozygous dominant parent with a homozygous recessive parent, all the offspring will have the dominant phenotype.
In a monohybrid cross, if you cross a homozygous dominant parent with a homozygous recessive parent, all the offspring will have the dominant phenotype.
Flashcards
Old theory of inheritance
Old theory of inheritance
The theory that inherited traits are passed down from parents to offspring through a concentration of these traits in the gametes. This theory lacked a specific mechanism for how these traits were passed on.
Weismann's theory
Weismann's theory
Weismann's theory which differentiated between germplasm (reproductive cells) and somatoplasm (other body cells). It stated that inherited traits are transmitted only through germplasm, and what happens in somatoplasm doesn't influence inheritance.
Transmission genetics
Transmission genetics
The study of how traits are passed down from parents to their offspring, with a focus on the characteristics that appear in each generation.
Gene
Gene
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Locus
Locus
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Allele
Allele
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Genotype
Genotype
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Phenotype
Phenotype
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Homozygous
Homozygous
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Heterozygous
Heterozygous
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Dominant gene
Dominant gene
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Recessive gene
Recessive gene
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Law of segregation
Law of segregation
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Monohybrid cross
Monohybrid cross
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Genotypic ratio
Genotypic ratio
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Phenotypic ratio
Phenotypic ratio
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Test cross
Test cross
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Genetic transformation
Genetic transformation
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Pleiotropy
Pleiotropy
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Epistasis
Epistasis
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Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance
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Codominance
Codominance
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Sex-linked inheritance
Sex-linked inheritance
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Epigenetics
Epigenetics
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Mutation
Mutation
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Fitness
Fitness
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Natural selection
Natural selection
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Gene editing
Gene editing
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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
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Study Notes
Transmission Genetics
- Transmission genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
- Early theories proposed that traits were passed from different parts of parents to offspring by concentrating these traits into the gamete, then to the progeny.
- Weismann distinguished between germplasm (reproductive cells) and somatoplasm (other body cells). He proposed that inherited traits are transmitted through germplasm, unaffected by somatic cell changes.
- This theory supported Mendel's laws.
Mendelian/Classical Genetics
- Gregor Johann Mendel is considered the "father of genetics."
- Mendel established the foundational principles of genetics in the 19th century.
Mendel's Pea Plant Experiments
- Images of pea plants and Mendel were presented.
- A table showed various traits like seed form, cotyledon color, pod form, pod color, stem place, and stem size.
Gene Representation
- A trait's disappearance after a generation led to gene representations. Dominant genes express their trait regardless of the other gene. Recessive genes express their trait only if there are two identical recessive genes.
- Mendel used symbols to represent genes (e.g., P = purple flower, p = white flower, capital letters for dominant, lowercase for recessive).
Mendelian Crosses
- First-generation (F1) plant generation was all purple.
- Second-generation (F2) plants showed a 3:1 ratio between purple and white flowers (purple dominant).
- Diagrams illustrated homozygous and heterozygous crosses.
Having at least one dominant gene
- This is enough to demonstrate each plant as purple.
- If both genes are recessive, the resulting plant will be recessive too.
Terms in Genetics
- Gene: basic unit of genetic information.
- Locus: the gene's specific location on a chromosome.
- Allele: different forms of a gene.
- Genotype: genetic makeup of an organism.
- Phenotype: observable traits resulting from the genotype.
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
- Homozygous: organisms with two identical alleles (e.g., AA or aa).
- Heterozygous: organisms with two different alleles (e.g., Aa).
Laws of Genetics
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First Law (Law of Segregation): During gamete formation, alleles separate from each other. Each gamete receives only one allele from the pair.
- Example given of a cross between a tall plant (TT) and a dwarf plant (tt).
- F2 Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1
- F2 Phenotypic ratio: 3:1
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Monohybrid Cross: genetic cross involving one trait.
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Monohybrid Ratio: Ratio produced from a monohybrid cross.
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Test Cross: Use to determine if a plant with a dominant phenotype was homozygous or heterozygous.
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Individuals with a dominant phenotype and who are unsure of their genotype are crossed with a known homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype of the unknown parent.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of transmission genetics and Mendel's contributions to the field. This quiz covers key concepts such as how traits are inherited from parents to offspring, the significance of germplasm, and Mendel's experiments with pea plants. Test your knowledge on the foundational principles that shaped modern genetics.
